Automating Cities: Design, Construction, Operation and Future Impact (Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements) PDF
Preview Automating Cities: Design, Construction, Operation and Future Impact (Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements)
Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements Brydon T. Wang C. M. Wang Editors Automating Cities Design, Construction, Operation and Future Impact Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements Series Editor Bharat Dahiya, College of Interdisciplinary Studies, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand Editorial Board Andrew Kirby, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA Erhard Friedberg, Sciences Po-Paris, France Rana P. B. Singh, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India Kongjian Yu, Peking University, Beijing, China Mohamed El Sioufi, Monash University, Australia Tim Campbell, Woodrow Wilson Center, USA Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan Xuemei Bai, Australian National University, Australia Dagmar Haase, Humboldt University, Germany Indexed by SCOPUS This Series focuses on the entire spectrum of human settlements – from rural to urban,indifferentregionsoftheworld,withquestionssuchas:Whatfactorscause and guide the process of change in human settlements from rural to urban in character,fromhamletsandvillagestotowns,citiesandmegacities?Isthisprocess different across time and space, how and why? Is there a future for rural life? Is it possibleornottohaveindustrial developmentinruralsettlements,andhow? Why does ‘urban shrinkage’ occur? Are the rural areas urbanizing or is that urban areas are undergoing ‘ruralisation’ (in form of underserviced slums)? What are the challenges faced by ‘mega urban regions’, and how they can be/are being addressed? What drives economic dynamism in human settlements? Is the urban-based economic growth paradigm the only answer to the quest for sustainable development, or is there an urgent need to balance between economic growth onone handand ecosystemrestoration andconservationon theother –for the future sustainability of human habitats? How and what new technology is helping to achieve sustainable development in human settlements? What sort of changesinthecurrentplanning,managementandgovernanceofhumansettlements are needed to face the changing environment including the climate and increasing disaster risks? What is the uniqueness of the new ‘socio-cultural spaces’ that emergeinhumansettlements,andhowtheychangeovertime?Asruralsettlements become urban, are the new ‘urban spaces’ resulting in the loss of rural life and ‘socio-cultural spaces’? What is leading the preservation of rural ‘socio-cultural spaces’ within the urbanizing world, and how? What isthe emerging nature of the rural-urban interface, and what factors influence it? What are the emerging perspectivesthathelpunderstandthehuman-environment-culturecomplexthrough the study of human settlements and the related ecosystems, and how do they transform our understanding of cultural landscapes and ‘waterscapes’ in the 21st Century? What else is and/or likely to be new vis-à-vis human settlements – now and in the future? The Series, therefore, welcomes contributions with fresh cognitive perspectives to understand the new and emerging realities of the 21st Century human settlements. Such perspectives will include a multidisciplinary analysis, constituting of the demographic, spatio-economic, environmental, tech- nological, and planning, management and governance lenses. If you are interested in submitting a proposal for this series, please contact the Series Editor, or the Publishing Editor: Bharat Dahiya ([email protected]) or Loyola D’Silva ([email protected]) More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13196 Brydon T. Wang C. M. Wang (cid:129) Editors Automating Cities Design, Construction, Operation and Future Impact 123 Editors BrydonT. Wang C. M.Wang Queensland University of Technology Schoolof Civil Engineering Brisbane, QLD,Australia TheUniversity of Queensland St.Lucia, QLD,Australia ISSN 2198-2546 ISSN 2198-2554 (electronic) Advances in 21stCentury HumanSettlements ISBN978-981-15-8669-9 ISBN978-981-15-8670-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8670-5 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents The Machine Metropolis: Introduction to the Automated City . . . . . . . 1 Brydon T. Wang Automation of the Design Process Designing Human–Machine Interactions in the Automated City: Methodologies, Considerations, Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Martin Tomitsch and Marius Hoggenmueller Automating Kinetic Screen Design from an Origami Fold. . . . . . . . . . . 51 Joseph Lim From Factory to Site—Designing for Industrial Robots Used in On-Site Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Dan Luo and Lei Yu Automation of Construction and Building Services 3D Printing and Housing: Intellectual Property and Construction Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Brydon T. Wang and Matthew Rimmer Automation in Structural Health Monitoring of Transport Infrastructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Lihai Zhang, Nilupa Herath, Babar Nasim Khan Raja, Shilun Chen, Saeed Miramini, and Colin Duffield Framework for Automated UAV-Based Inspection of External Building Façades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Yiqing Liu, Yuehan Lin, Justin K. W. Yeoh, David K. H. Chua, Lawrence W. C. Wong, Marcelo H. Ang Jr., W. L. Lee, and Michael Y. L. Chew v vi Contents Design and Automation for Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction in Tall Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 J. Y. Richard Liew and Y. S. Chua Impact and Implications of the Automated City Automation of Land Expansion: Prefabrication of Floating Platforms for Expansion of Cities onto Adjacent Water Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 C. M. Wang and K. H. Jung Automating Fab Cities: 3D Printing and Urban Renewal . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Matthew Rimmer Connected and Automated Vehicles: Opportunities and Challenges for Transportation Systems, Smart Cities, and Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Anshuman Sharma and Zuduo Zheng Smart Cities as Panopticon: Highlighting Blockchain’s Potential for Smart Cities Through Competing Narratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Lachlan Robb and Felicity Deane From Automation to Autonomy: Technological Sovereignty for Better Data Care in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Marcus Foth, Irina Anastasiu, Monique Mann, and Peta Mitchell Automating Trustworthiness in Digital Twins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Brydon T. Wang and Mark Burdon The Machine Metropolis: Introduction to the Automated City BrydonT.Wang Abstract Theautomationofcitiesthroughbothmechanisationanddigitisationhas hadaphenomenalimpactonourwayoflifeandthedesign,constructionandoper- ation of our cities. This mechanisation has led to the deployment of robotics and 3D-printers on construction sites. Drones are now equipped with cameras that are usedtomeasuretheprogressofconstructionworksandmonitorassetsforstructural defects. Simultaneously, our cities are increasingly filled with various sensors that extract data from our digital trails, accelerating the datafication of our urban envi- ronment.Thischapteroutlinesthebroadthemesofthebook,exploringtheimpact oftechnologiesofautomationonthecityinthreeways:theautomationofthedesign processtoprovideoptimisedsolutionstodesignproblems.Second,theautomationof constructionprocessesandbuildingmaintenanceprogrammes,includingadvances onhowwecollectandanalysesensordata.Third,howtechnologiesofautomation couldpotentiallyimpactourwayoflifeincities,suchashowweexpandourcities, how we manufacture and fabricate what we need and want, how we utilise urban data to navigate around a city to transport people and goods, or use urban data to maketrusteddecisionsaboutacity. · · · · · · Keywords Datafication Smartcity Automation Trust Drones 3Dprinting Sensordata 1 TowardsaBraverAutomatedFutureforCities Towardtheendof2019andthefirsthalfof2020,thepandemicofanovelcoron- avirussweptinitiallythroughtheChinesecityofWuhanandthenoutwardsacross China before making its effects felt globally. The virulent impact of the disease overloadedinternationalhealthcaresystems.TomeetthehealthchallengeinWuhan, Chinamobiliseditsbuilderstoconstructthe1000-bedHuoshenshanhospitalandthe 1600-bedLeishenshanhospital,eachinunderafortnight(Jancowicz2020).While B B.T.Wang( ) QueenslandUniversityofTechnology,Brisbane,QLD,Australia e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021 1 B.T.WangandC.M.Wang(eds.),AutomatingCities,Advancesin21stCentury HumanSettlements,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8670-5_1 2 B.T.Wang theuniqueChineselabourenvironmentcontributedtothepossibilityofsuchefficient constructiontimeframes,itistheuseofprefabricationandmodularity—madeavail- ablethroughtheadoptionoftechnologiesofautomationintheChineseconstruction industry—thatallowedtheextraordinaryshorttimeframestobeachieved.1 Automation in the city is not a novel occurrence. Historical lamp lighters who manuallylitstreetlampswerereplacedwithelectrifiedstreetlighting(Jeffries2016). Liftattendantswhousedtomanageliftswerereplacedwithautomatedlifts.Carsthat are equipped with varying levels of automation in parking assistance and adaptive cruisecontrolnowoperateonourstreets.Thismechanisationofvariousfunctions withinthecityhasprogressedtothedeploymentofroboticsand3D-printersinoff- sitemanufacturingandonconstructionsites.Dronesarenowequippedwithcameras that are used to measure the progress of construction works (Kemp 2017; Dupont etal.2017)andmonitorassetsforstructuraldefects(Zhangetal.2019).Ourcities areincreasinglyfilledwithvarioussensorsthatextractdatafromourdigitaltrails. Asweinteractwiththesesensorscarriedasdevicesonourbodiesorembeddedin thebuiltenvironment,weactivelybringintoourcitiesanewphaseinautomation— the move from mechanisation to a digitisation and datafication of urban life. The resultantautomationofcitiesthroughbothmechanisationanddigitisationhashada phenomenalimpactonourwayoflifeandthedesign,constructionandoperationof ourcities. Thisapproachtodefiningautomationastheadoptionofincreasinglayersoftech- nologytodrivethecity,andtherelativelyrecentintegrationofdigitalsystems,frame ourexplorationofthe‘smartcity’.Fothetal.noteinChap.13(FromAutomation toAutonomy:TechnologicalSovereigntyforBetterDataCareinSmartCities)that thesmartcityisasiteof‘fusionofdataandautomation’,requiringustoconsider boththetechnologyanditssocio-politicalimpacts.Thisbookexplorestheimpact oftechnologiesofautomationonthecityinthreewaysthatbroadlycorrespondto thethreepartsofthisbook.InPartA,thebookexploresautomationofthedesign process—howtechnologyhasbeenharnessedtosiftthroughawiderangeofdesign solutionstoprovideoptimisedsuggestionstoadesignproblem. Thesecondwayinwhichautomationisexploredisintheautomationofconstruc- tionprocessesandbuildingmaintenanceprogrammes.PartBofthebookinvestigates howtheconstructionindustrycanfurtherachieveefficiencygainsbydeployingtech- nologies of automation in the form of robots, 3D printers, drones on construction sites,andnewtechnologiesinthemanufacturingprocessesoff-site. The third way in which automation is presented is how these technologies of automationcouldpotentiallyimpactourwayoflifeincities.Asthesetechnologies ofautomationareincreasinglyintegratedintotheurbanfabric,theyimpactthesocio- politicallandscapeofourcities.PartCofthebookveerstowardamorespeculative aspect of future-casting where we consider the impacts of automation on how we expandourcities,howwemanufactureandfabricatewhatweneedandwant,how weutiliseurbandatatonavigatearoundacitytotransportpeopleandgoods,oruse 1ThedesignsforthehospitalswerebasedonapriorhospitalbuilttotackletheSARS-epidemicin 2003(Ankel2020). TheMachineMetropolis:IntroductiontotheAutomatedCity 3 urbandatatomaketrusteddecisionsaboutacity.Thesechaptersconsiderhowthe deploymentoftechnologiesofautomationwillneedtobecontinuouslyfine-tunedto addressthesocialnormsandvaluesthatareemerginginourcities,particularlythe privacyofoccupants.Thisrequiresustoconsiderhowcommunityengagement,our ‘rightto the city’ (Lefebvre 1996), and legal reform can be harnessed to automate thecityinsensitiveandhuman-centredways. Giventhattheprojectscapturedinthisbookwillsometimestouchonthedesign process, construction methodologies and the future impact of the deployed tech- nology of automation, there is some overlap between the broad categories of the book. Projects presented in one part of the book willstillprovide guidance on the impact of the technology in the other two parts. This first chapter serves to intro- ducethechapterscontainedwithinthisbookandprovidecontextforthedesignand constructionchallengesthattheauthorstacklewithintheirvariouschapters;andto pointtothepotentialimpactsofthesetechnologiesthatwillbeexploredtowardsthe endofthebook. 2 AutomationinSolvingDesignProblems Part A of this book explores the impact of automation on the search for design solutions to technical briefs. While we are beginning to see a plethora of ways in whichautomationoftheconstructionprocesscanoccur,thereisaperceptionthatthe creative functions fulfilled by designers (including urban planners, architects, and engineers)arenotasvulnerabletoreplacementbyautomation. OneoftheactivitiesIruninmyarchitectureclassesonTheAutomatedCityisan exercisewhereIhavemystudentsmapoutthetasksgiventoarchitecturalinternsand graduatearchitects.Ithenaskthestudentstoconsiderwhatitwouldtaketoautomate thesetasks.Acommonperceptionamongthestudentsisthatmachinesareunableto performdesigntasksastheseareseentobehigherordercognitivefunctionsthatare toocomplexformachinestohandle.Theirviewisreflectedina2013studybythe UniversityofOxfordwhichfoundthattherisktoarchitectsofpotentialreplacement byautomationsitsat1.8%(FreyandOsborne2017:58). Despite this perception, the process of answering a design brief can be broken down into a number of individual smaller tasks. Some of these tasks could be performedbyamachineandtoalevelofcomplexity,speedandaccuracythatwould exceedhumanability.Thesame2013OxfordstudysuggestedthatArchitecturaland Civil Drafters had a 52% chance of being replaced by automation processes (Frey and Osborne 2017: 63). Their findings indicate that some of the mechanical tasks thatcomprisethejobofbeinganarchitect,engineerorurbanplanneraremorelikely tobetakenupbyamachineatsomepointinthefuture. Almosthalfacenturyago,Crosssuggestedthatautomationcouldbeappliedto optimisefloorplans,suggestingthatthe‘tediouscalculationstoquantifytraveltime betweenrooms’couldbereadilyperformedbyamachine(Davis2015citingCross 1980).DavisnotesthatCross’researchdidnotleadtobetterperformingbuildingsas
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