Automated Transit: Planning, Operation, and Applications

220 Pages·2017·9.391 MB·English

by  Rongfang Liu

AUTOMATED TRANSIT
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AUTOMATED TRANSIT
Planning, Operation, and Applications
RONGFANG (RACHEL) LIU
Copyright©2017byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable.
ISBN:978-1-118-89100-1
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated to the three men in my life:
ZHONG:
My rock, who supports anything I am willing to explore;
LYNDALL:
My conscious, who shows me that there might be
another side to any story;
CHARLIE:
My lucky star, who makes me believe that
there are always roads under my feet …
CONTENTS
FOREWORD xi
PREFACE xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv
ABBREVIATIONS xvii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 AutomatedTransportation / 2
1.2 AutomatedTransit / 4
1.3 IndividualModesofAutomatedTransitFamily / 8
1.3.1 AutomatedGuidewayTransit / 8
1.3.2 AutomatedBus / 14
1.3.3 AutomatedPersonalTransit / 15
References / 18
2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 23
2.1 ConceptualInitiations:1960sandPrior / 23
2.2 PilotDemonstrations:1970s–1980s / 27
2.3 ApplicationsinConfinedEnvironments:1990s–2000s / 32
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.4 MultipolarDevelopment:NewMillenniumandBeyond / 36
2.4.1 ExponentialGrowthofDriverlessMetros / 36
2.4.2 SteadyExpansionofAPMSystems / 39
2.4.3 EmergenceofPRTApplications / 39
References / 44
3 TECHNOLOGY SPECIFICATIONS 47
3.1 Vehicles / 48
3.2 Guideway / 51
3.3 PropulsionandSystemPower / 52
3.4 CommunicationsandControl / 53
3.5 StationsandPlatforms / 55
3.6 MaintenanceandStorageFacilities / 58
References / 61
4 APPLICATIONS 63
4.1 DriverlessMetroinParis / 64
4.1.1 CleanSlateofAutomation:LineNo.14 / 64
4.1.2 ConversionfromManualtoDLM:ParisMetro
LineNo.1 / 67
4.2 AutomatedLRTinSingapore / 70
4.3 DetroitDowntownPeopleMover / 72
4.4 AutomatedPeopleMoversinLasVegas / 74
4.5 Dallas-FortWorthAirportAPM / 79
4.6 AirTrainatJFKAirport / 80
4.7 MorgantownGroupRapidTransit / 81
4.8 UltraPRTatHeathrowInternationalAirport / 84
References / 86
5 CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMATED TRANSIT
APPLICATIONS 89
5.1 SystemCharacteristics / 89
5.1.1 PhysicalLayouts / 90
5.1.2 ScaleofSystems / 94
CONTENTS ix
5.2 OperatingCharacteristics / 96
5.2.1 OperatingStrategies / 97
5.2.2 StationOperations / 99
5.2.3 SystemCapacity / 101
5.3 FinancialCharacteristics / 103
5.3.1 CapitalInvestment / 104
5.3.2 OperatingExpenses / 107
5.3.3 LifeCycleCost / 110
References / 111
6 ASSESSMENT OF AUTOMATED TRANSIT
PERFORMANCES 115
6.1 SystemPerformance / 115
6.2 Reliability / 119
6.3 SafetyandSecurity / 126
6.3.1 SafetyRecordsforAutomatedGuidewayTransit / 126
6.3.2 ComparisonwithOtherGuidewayTransit / 129
6.4 Cost-EffectiveAnalysis / 133
References / 136
7 PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS 139
7.1 PublicPolicy / 142
7.1.1 Research / 142
7.1.2 DesignStandards / 143
7.1.3 NationalPolicy / 144
7.2 Long-RangeTransportationPlanning / 145
7.2.1 TripGeneration / 147
7.2.2 TripDistributionorDestinationChoiceModule / 148
7.2.3 ModeandOccupancyChoiceModule / 149
7.2.4 TripAssignmentModule / 150
7.3 OperationsPlanning / 151
References / 154
8 BUSINESS MODELS FOR AUTOMATED TRANSIT
APPLICATIONS 157
8.1 PublicOwnerandOperator / 159
8.2 PrivateOwnerandOperator / 162
x CONTENTS
8.3 PublicandPrivatePartners / 166
References / 170
9 LESSONS LEARNED 173
9.1 DrivingCanBeReplaced / 174
9.2 PublicPolicy:ADouble-EdgedSword / 175
9.3 DesignMatters / 177
9.4 DemonstrationProjectsareNeeded / 178
References / 180
10 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 181
10.1 GrowAutomatedTransitApplications / 182
10.2 CreateNewMode / 183
10.3 ConductFurtherResearch / 185
10.4 SponsorDemonstrationProjects / 187
10.5 DevelopPerformanceMeasures / 188
10.6 EncourageDiverseBusinessModels / 189
10.7 GatherPublicSupport / 191
References / 194
INDEX 197
FOREWORD
The science of automated transit is relatively young. Although people have
exploredtraveloptionssincetheearlydaysofhistory,itisonlyinthelast50
yearsorsothatengineersandscientistshaveunveiledtransportationoptions
thatarefullyautomated.Fromdriverlessautostopersonalrapidtransitdesigns
to full-functioning extended people mover systems, we are learning to give
upthedriver’sseatandtrustthepowerofsmarttechnology.
WhenwebeganLea+Elliottinthe1970s,specializinginautomatedpeople
moverswasananomaly.Someengineerscouldnotunderstandwhywewould
focusonsuchanichemarket.Atthattime,theindustrywasmostlyfocusedon
transporting passengers quickly, safely, and efficiently between terminals in
largeairports.Today,asweworkonnearlyeverypeoplemoversysteminthe
world, we know that the early technology provided the impetus for systems
that are literallychanginghow we think about travel.For example, consider
Honolulu, HI. Today, the City and County of Honolulu, in cooperation with
the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), is implementing a 20-mile-long
automated metro rail system that will serve 21 passenger stations. It will be
the first automated metro light rail system in the United States since JFK
AirTrainandwilltrulychangelivesforpeoplewithinitsreach.
Insucharapidlychangingtransitenvironment,Dr.Rongfang(Rachel)Liu
is the logical person to create this book on the state of automated transit—
and to show where it will lead us in the days to come. As a professional
engineer, licensed planner, and professor in the Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering at New Jersey Institute of Technology, Dr. Liu
brings so much more to the transit discussion. Her vast research has been
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