Automated Guided Vehicle Systems: A Guide - With Practical Applications - About The Technology - For Planning

287 Pages·2022·24.079 MB·English

by  Günter Ullrich, Thomas Albrecht

Günter Ullrich
Thomas Albrecht
Automated
Guided Vehicle
Systems
A Guide - With Practical Applications - About
The Technology - For Planning
Second Edition
Automated Guided Vehicle Systems

(cid:129)
Günter Ullrich Thomas Albrecht
Automated Guided Vehicle
Systems
A Guide - With Practical Applications -
About The Technology - For Planning
Second Edition
GünterUllrich ThomasAlbrecht
Voerde,Germany Fraunhofer-InstitutfürMaterialflussundLogistik(IML)
Dortmund,Germany
ISBN978-3-658-35386-5 ISBN978-3-658-35387-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35387-2
Translationofthe3.GermanoriginaleditionpublishedbySpringerVieweg,Wiesbaden,Germany,2019
#SpringerFachmedienWiesbadenGmbH,partofSpringerNature2023
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Preface
Inthe 1950s,the automated guided vehiclesystem(AGV System, AGVS)was invented,
whichhasdevelopedintoaprovenorganisationaltoolinmodernintralogisticstothisday.
Thereispracticallynoindustrythatdoesnotuseautomatedguidedvehicles(AGVs)orat
leastcoulddoso.Fromsmallsystemswithfeworevenonlyonevehicletosystemswith
well over 100 vehicles, everything is possible and has already been realised. After many
yearsofrestraint,companiesintheautomotiveindustryareonceagainthedominantuser
sector, but many other companies are also using AGVs to optimise their material flows
within the framework of Industry 4.0 concepts. This guide illustrates how diverse the
applications are and which technological standards are available without claiming to be
complete.Inaddition,wedocumentthenewdevelopmentsthatenableinnovativeapplica-
tionscenariosandopenupadditionalattractivemarkets.Thefuturehaslongsincebegun
withthe4thAGVSepoch...
Anotherfocusistheholisticplanningofsuchsystems,whichisdescribedindetailwith
all planning steps. Here, the reader will not only find a roadmap through the planning
processbutcertainlynumerousvaluablehintsandclues.
Thebookauthors:ThomasAlbrechtandGünterUllrich
v

Preface vii
The VDI Technical Committee “Automated Guided Vehicle Systems” has been
supporting the industry for over 30 years. Today, it unites about 40 member
companies—the European AGV community Forum AGV was created from this strong
network,whichcarriesoutcommittedpublicrelationsworkand,forsomeyearsnow,has
alsobeenprovidingAGVplanningandconsultancywithacompetentteam.Wewouldlike
totakethisopportunitytothankallthemembersoftheForumAGV,whosecontributions
have made this primer possible. We would also like to thank Springer Vieweg-Verlag’s
mechanicalengineeringdepartmentfortheirkindandunderstandingsupport.
The guide is aimed at experts and practitioners in intralogistics who deal with the
optimisation of material flows. They are active in almost all branches of industry, in
someservicecompanies,orinresearchandteachingatuniversitiesandtechnicalcolleges.
Fromourworkasplannersandconsultants,weknowthatthereisaneedforasummarising
presentationofourtopicinpracticeandinteaching. Wehaveendeavouredtoprovidean
objectiveview,moderateprofessionaldepth,andclearandcomprehensiblelanguage.
This third edition has been completely revised, is structured slightly differently, and
takes into account the rapid developments in technology and markets. For the first time,
Dipl.-Ing.ThomasAlbrechtisaco-author.Hehasbeenworkingforalmost30yearsatthe
Fraunhofer IML in Dortmund as an AGV specialist and is known in the industry as a
reliable and fair-minded authority. May this revised guide contribute to ensuring that
automated guided vehicles are used according to their capabilities and become even
moreefficientinthefuture.
Voerde,Germany GünterUllrich
Dortmund,Germany ThomasAlbrecht
December2021

Contents
1 HistoryofAutomatedGuidedVehicleSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 TheFirstAGVSEpoch:IdeaandImplementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 FirstEuropeanCompanies. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 3
1.1.2 EarlyTechnologyandTasks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 TheSecondEpoch:EuphoriaAboutAutomation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 ProgressinTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 MajorProjectsinAutomotiveIndustry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.3 TheBigCrash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 TheThirdEpoch:EstablishedTechnologyforIntralogistics. . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 TheFourthEpoch:TheAGVExpandstheScopeofAction. . . . . . . . . 16
1.4.1 NewMarkets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4.2 NewFunctionsandTechnologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2 TechnologicalStandards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1 NavigationandSafetyasCentralSystemFunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.1 Navigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.2 Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2 AGVMasterControlSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2.1 SystemArchitectureofanAGVSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.2.2 UsersandOrderers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.2.3 FunctionModulesofanAGVMasterControlSystem. . . . . . . 61
2.3 TheAutomatedGuidedVehicle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.3.1 AGVCategories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.3.2 VehicleControl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.3.3 MechanicalMovementComponents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.3.4 EnergySupplyofAGVs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.4 EnvironmentoftheAGVSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.4.1 OperatingEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.4.2 System-SpecificInterfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
ix