Automated Electronic Filter Design

93 Pages·2017·1.271 MB·English

by  Amal Banerjee (auth.)

Amal Banerjee
Automated
Electronic
Filter Design
Automated Electronic Filter Design

Amal Banerjee
Automated Electronic Filter
Design
AmalBanerjee
AnalogElectronics
Kolkata,India
ISBN978-3-319-43469-8 ISBN978-3-319-43470-4 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-43470-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016949738
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017
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This book is dedicated to:
Late Sivadas Banerjee
Meera Banerjee
Anuradha Datta
A dear friend, mentor and guide
Dr. Andreas Gerstlauer
The two amazing physicists who taught me
the basics of radio frequency:
Dr. C. Fred Moore
Dr. M.E.L. Oakes

Contents
1 IntroductionandProblemStatement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 AutomatedElectronicFilterDesignScheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 TheFramework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 NormalizedButterworthFilter. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 7
2.3 PracticalNormalizedLowPassButterworthFilter. . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 NormalizedChebyshevLowPassFilter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 NormalizedInverseChebyshevFilter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6 NormalizedBesselFilter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.7 DenormalizingPrototypeFilterstoReal-WorldFilters. . . . . . . . . 16
2.7.1 FrequencyScaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.7.2 ImpedanceScaling.. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 17
2.8 FilterTransformations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8.1 LowPasstoHighPassFilter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8.2 LowPassFiltertoBandPassFilter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.9 AutomatedFilterDesignScheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.10 LowPasstoBandPassFilterConversionExample. . . . . . . . . . . 21
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3 AutomatedElectronicFilterDesignAlgorithm/Scheme
ImplementationandDesignExamples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2 AutomatedElectronicFilterDesignScheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3 DesigningFilterswithNewScheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4 Seventh-OrderLowPassButterworthFilter:
SimplifiedSchemeImplementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5 Seventh-OrderLowPassChebyshevFilter:
SimplifiedSchemeImplementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.6 Eighth-OrderHighPassBesselFilter:Simplified
SchemeImplementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
vii
viii Contents
3.7 Eighth-OrderBandPassChebyshevFilter:Simplified
SchemeImplementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.8 DesigningFilterswithNewScheme:Full-Blown
Implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.9 ButterworthLowPassFilter:CalculatedOrder
10andCutoffFrequency22.7MHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.10 ChebyshevHighPassFilter:CalculatedOrder3
CutoffFrequency21MHzPassBandRipple0.45dB. . . . . . . . . . 52
3.11 ChebyshevBandPassFilter:SeriesConnection
ofHighPassandLowPassFilters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.12 EffectofNon-idealReactiveElementsonFilter
BehaviorandPerformanceandDesignSpaceExploration. . . . . . 58
3.13 SPICE:ElectronicCircuitPerformanceEvaluation
GoldStandard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4 HigherFrequencies(100’sofMHzto10’sofGHz):Physical
ConstraintsandDistributedFilters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1 Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2 High-FrequencyIssueswithDiscreteElementElectronic
FilterFabricationandTransmissionLineFundamentals. . . . . . . . 70
4.2.1 LosslessTransmissionLines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.2.2 LosslessTerminatedTransmissionLine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2.3 StubSynthesis:KeyEquations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3 Richard’sTransformationandKuroda’sIdentities. . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.4 DistributedElectronicFilterDesignScheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.5 TransmissionLineLosses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.6 DistributedElectronicFilterDesignExampleStepped
ImpedanceLowPassFilter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5 SummaryandConclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
AppendixA:UsingtheAutomatedFilterDesignTool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Chapter 1
Introduction and Problem Statement
With the worldwide proliferation of wireless communication networks, precision
analogsignalprocessingisbecomingmoreandmoreimportanteachday.Acrucial
componentofanalogsignalprocessingissignalfiltering,thustheneedfordesign-
ing/implementing electronic filters that accurately satisfy design specifications
(cutoff frequency, pass/stop band ripple, bandwidth, group delay/phase shift,
etc.). This book elaborates on an automated, efficient, and yet very powerful
scheme for designing/implementing and evaluating/fine-tuning performance char-
acteristicsofelectronic filters.Asalldigitalfiltersarederivedfromanalogfilters,
thisschemecanbeextendedtothedigitalfilterdomaineasily.
Inanutshell,thisschemecircumventssomekeybutcomplicated,manual(thus
error-prone and time-consuming) steps of the traditional electronic filter design
process.Easilyautomated(inthiscaseisanANSIClanguageprogram),theoutput
isintheuniversallyusedcircuitsimulatorSPICEinputformat.Thefilterdesigner
can then easily evaluate and fine-tune the performance characteristics of the new
filter design. A brief overview of the traditional electronic filter design process is
presentedtoexplainhowthisproposedschemeachievesitsgoal.
Briefly, traditional filter design process consists of the following steps, in that
order:
1. Basic loop equations are derived from Kirchhoff’s current/voltage laws
(KCL/KVL). These loop equations are differential equations, sometimes
nonlinear.Typically,thesedifferentialequationsareconvertedtomoretractable
algebraicequations,usingLaplacetransforms,effectivelygoingfromthetimeto
frequencydomain.
2. In the filter transfer function H(s), the Laplace transform of the unit impulse
response of the filter is obtained by evaluating H(s) at s¼jw (in general, s¼
a+jwands¼jwrepresentapuresinusoidalinput).Forcalculationpurposes,it
is the ratio of the output to the input voltage in the frequency domain. The
transferfunctionisalmostalwaysinadenominator-numeratorpolynomialform.
The goal is to determine the roots of these two polynomials in the complex
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 1
A.Banerjee,AutomatedElectronicFilterDesign,
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-43470-4_1