Autoimmunity, COVID-19, Post-COVID19 Syndrome and COVID-19 Vaccination

832 Pages·2022·10.527 MB·English

by  Yehuda Shoenfeld, Arad Dotan

AUTOIMMUNITY, COVID-19,
POST-COVID19 SYNDROME
AND COVID-19 VACCINATION
Volume 1
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FUTURE OF AUTOIMMUNITY
RESEARCH
AUTOIMMUNITY,
COVID-19, POST-
COVID19 SYNDROME
AND COVID-19
VACCINATION
Volume 1
Edited by
Y S
EHUDA HOENFELD
Zabludowicz Center forAutoimmuneDiseases,ShebaMedical Center, RamatGan, Israel;
TelAvivUniversity,TelAviv,Israel
A D
RAD OTAN
Zabludowicz Center forAutoimmuneDiseases,ShebaMedical Center, RamatGan, Israel;
SacklerFacultyofMedicine, TelAvivUniversity,TelAviv,Israel
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Contents
List of contributors xiii 3. Innate immune responses in COVID-
About the editors xix 19
Foreword xxi EtienneJacotot,LauraTalamini,SrinivsasaReddyBonam,Angelica
Thomaz Vieira, Véronique Fremeaux-Bacchi, Marko Radic,
Preface xxiii
Marie-Agnès Dragon-Durey, Jose Manuel Lozano, Rafael
SimoneSaia,andSylvianeMuller
1. Setting a context for autoantibodies,
Introduction 64
autoimmunity, and autoimmune diseases
Innateimmuneresponses toCOVID-19: cellsofthe
associated with SARS-CoV2
innateimmunesystem 65
MarvinJ.Fritzler Innateimmuneresponses toCOVID-19: NETosis
andneutrophils 68
Introduction 1
Innateimmuneresponses toCOVID-19:
“Causes”ofautoimmune diseases:a “mosaic”of
inflammasome 69
genetic,environmental, andhormonal
Innateimmuneresponses toCOVID-19: TLRs 73
factors 2
Innateimmuneresponses toCOVID-19:
Historical context 4
cytokines 75
Controlsandcomparators 5
Innateimmuneresponses toCOVID-19: thehuman
Phenomenologyisnotpathology 6
leukocyteantigengenotype 79
Timeandtimingis oftheessence 7
Innateimmuneresponses toCOVID-19:
Nobel2021PIEZOtouchandtemperature: COVID-
autophagy 81
19myopathy 8
Innateimmuneresponses toCOVID-19: the
Summary 9
complement system 83
References 10
Innateimmuneresponses toCOVID-19: protecting
oraggravating factors,biomarkersofseverity 87
2. The mosaic of autoimmunity and Innateimmuneresponses toCOVID-19: roleof
autoinflammation and SARS-CoV-2 as an microbiota 93
Innateimmuneresponses toCOVID-19: therapeutic
environmental factor
developments 95
NicolaLuigiBragazziandAbdullaWatad General commentsandoutlook 104
Acknowledgments 106
Themosaicofautoimmunity and
References 107
autoinflammation 17
SARS-CoV-2 andCOVID-19 23
SARS-CoV-2 andbiological mechanismsof 4. The role of T cell immunity in
virulence 24 COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 andCOVID-19 asafurther cobble
UlrikStervboandNinaBabel
ofthemosaicofautoimmunity 25
SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 anditsimpact on Introduction 129
autoimmune/autoinflammatorydisorders 26 Humancoronavirus 130
Conclusions andfuture prospects 42 Preformed memory 132
References 43 Tcells intheearlyinfection 133
v
vi CONTENTS
Diseaseseverity andTcells 134 Conclusions 180
TCRsignatureinCOVID-19 135 References 181
Conclusion 136
References 137
8. Molecular mimicry and
SARS-CoV-2
5. Laboratory characteristics of cytokine
storm syndrome in COVID-19 infection EiriniI.Rigopoulou,AradDotan,GeorgiosEfthymiou,
EfthymiosDardiotis,YehudaShoenfeld,and
OlgaY.Tkachenko,MargaritaY.Pervakova,andSergeyV.Lapin DimitriosP.Bogdanos
Cytokinestorm orcytokinerelease syndrome: Theconceptofmolecular mimicryanditsrelevance
definition andfeatures 141 toautoimmunity 185
Clinical examplesofcytokinestorm Toolsto studymolecular mimicry 188
syndrome 143 Bioinformatic approachesinvestigating theroleof
Prognosticvalueofcytokinemeasurementin SARS-CoV-2-related autoimmunitybymolecular
COVID-19 144 mimicry 189
Immunologicalpatterns ofsecondary SARS-CoV-2,molecularmimicry, and
hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, bacterial GuillaineBarrésyndrome 192
sepsis,andCOVID-19 148 SARS-CoV-2,molecularmimicry, andanti-
Cytokinestorm syndromescorefor disease phospholipidsyndrome(APS) 192
prognosis 153 SARS-CoV-2vaccination and
Validationofcytokinestormsyndromescoreandits autoimmunity 193
clinicalrelationship 155 SARS-CoV-2andevidenceofimmunological
Conclusionremarks 157 cross-reactivity 193
References 157 Conclusions 194
References 194
6. COVID-19: the impact of the cytokine
storm on the immune-neuroendocrine 9. In silico study of molecular mimicry
system between SARS-CoV-2 and neutrophil
LuisJ.Jara,CarolineI.Gutierrez-Melgarejo, extracellular traps composition in
IrvinOrdoñez-González,BereniceLópez-Zamora, granulocyte-rich supernatants of patients
MariaF.Galaviz-Sánchez,GabrielaMedina,
MaríaPilarCruz-Domínguez,andOlgaVera-Lastra with systemic lupus erythematosus and
lupus nephritis
Introduction 161
COVID-19infection,thecytokinestorm YekbunAdiguzelandYehudaShoenfeld
andtheimmuno-neuroendocrine
Introduction 199
system 163
Materialsandmethods 201
Centralnervoussystem,cytokinestorm,and
Results anddiscussion 202
COVID-19 167
Conclusion 232
Conclusions 169
Dataavailability 232
References 169
Appendix 232
References 269
7. Genetic predisposition to COVID-19
and post-COVID syndrome
10. COVID-19 and the hyperferritinemic
AnnaMalkova
syndromes
Introduction 173 G.Zandman-GoddardandM.Tocut
Genetic predisposing factorsin COVID-19 173
References 278
Predisposition toPCS 178
CONTENTS vii
11. SARS-CoV-2 and microbiome: 14. What is common to MDA5 and
pathology, implications and therapeutic COVID-19?
options DanielaNoaZoharandYehudaShoenfeld
MariaV.Sankova,VladimirN.Nikolenko,SergeyV.Sankov,and
MDA5receptorandanti-MDA5 autoantibody 369
MikhailY.Sinelnikov
Whatarethesimilarities betweenCOVID-19 disease
Themicrobiome, intestinal ecosystem,and andanti-MDA5 dermatomyositis? 370
immunoresistance: uniquelybalanced 280 Thepathophysiology ofanti-MDA5dermatomyositis
Gutmicrobiomedysbiosis and andCOVID-19 371
SARS-CoV-2 284 Immunomodulatory therapiesforCOVID-19disease
Microbiomeandtherapeuticoptionsin andanti-MDA5-positive CADM 372
SARS-CoV-2pandemic 286 Conclusion 372
Conclusion 317 References 373
References 318
15. Humoral immunity and thrombosis in
12. Molecular and immunological COVID-19
evidence for SARS-CoV-2 being the
G.Lasagni,M.O.Borghi,M.Cugno,andP.L.Meroni
autoimmune virus
Introduction 375
AristoVojdani,AviRosenberg,ElroyVojdani,and
Autoantibodies andthrombosis 376
YehudaShoenfeld
Pro-inflammatorycytokinesandthrombosis 381
Introduction 339 Complementactivation: endothelialperturbation
Conclusions 347 andinteraction withthecoagulation
Acknowledgments 348 cascade 384
References 348 References 388
13. Autoantibodies neutralizing 16. Peripheral nervous system
antiinflammatory mediators in the context manifestations associated with
of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19
COVID-19 TalDavidyandOfirZmira
LorenzThurnerandChristophKessel
Introduction 393
Hyperinflammationinitiated by Peripheralnervoussystem manifestations of
SARS-CoV-2 351 SARS-CoV-2 395
Autoantibodies inCOVID-19 352 Conclusion 397
Thebreakofperipheral immunetolerancein the References 398
contextofSARS-CoV-2 353
Posttranslational modificationsas triggers 17. Central nervous system impairments
ofneo-epitopeformation and in COVID-19
autoimmunity 354
PolinaSobolevskaia,AndreiKolobov,and
Proinflammatoryautoantibodiesin thecontext of
LeonidP.Churilov
SARS-CoV-2 356
Remainingquestionsaroundproinflammatory SARS-CoV-2infection andolfactory/gustatory
autoantibodiesrelated toSARS-CoV-2 360 disturbances 402
Acknowledgment 362 Acknowledgment 402
References 362 References 403
viii CONTENTS
18. Neuropsychiatric side of the Thehumanintestine isatargetorganfor
SARS-CoV-2 453
COVID-19
Gastrointestinal manifestations ofCOVID-19 454
Margarita A. Mayorova, Leonid P. Churilov, Natalia N. Petrova, Pathophysiologicalaspectsfor SARS-CoV-2-
andYehudaShoenfeld
AssociatedGastrointestinal Illness 456
Introduction 405 Post-COVID-19 gutmanifestations 460
Pathogenesis 406 SARS-CoV-2impact ongastrointestinal
COVID-19-associated neuropsychiatric diseases 460
manifestations 411 Conclusions 462
Conclusion 419 References 462
References 420
22. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome
19. Myocarditis following vaccination in children
with Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 against NinaEmer(cid:1)si(cid:1)candTadejAv(cid:1)cin
coronavirus infection (COVID-19)
Introduction 471
DrorMevorach Epidemiology 471
Pathophysiology 472
Background 427
Diagnosticapproach 472
Myocarditis followingadultvaccination withtwo
Clinical picture 473
dosesofPfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 427
Laboratoryresults 475
Myocarditis inadolescentsfollowing vaccination
Microbiology 476
withtwodosesofPfizer-BioNTech
Radiologic examinations 476
BNT162b2 429
Diagnosis 477
Myocarditis followingadultvaccination withathird
Differential diagnosis 477
(booster)doseofPfizer-BioNTech
Treatment 479
BNT162b2 430
Diseaseoutcome 481
mRNA-1273(Moderna) 431
ReinfectionandMis-C 482
Mechanismofactionofpost-mRNA
Vaccinations andMis-C 482
myocarditis 432
Conclusion 483
Myocarditis associatedwithadditional vaccines 432
References 483
Summary 433
References 433
23. Anosmia in COVID-19 and
20. Rheumatic manifestations and post-COVID syndrome
autoimmunity associated with PaulaDavidandAnnaMalkova
COVID-19
Introduction 487
DanielleZemerLev,AradDotan,andMichaelEhrenfeld Epidemiologyofanosmia inCOVID-19 and
PCS 487
Introduction 437
Pathogenesis 488
References 446
Conclusion 491
Furtherreading 449
References 492
21. SARS-CoV-2 induction and COVID-
24. The effect of COVID-19 on patients
19 manifestations related to autoimmune
with preexisting autoimmune diseases
gastrointestinal diseases
Olga Vera-Lastra, Alberto Ordinola Navarro, Gabriela Medina,
AaronLernerandCarinaBenzvi MaríaPilarCruz-Domínguez,andLuisJ.Jara
TheCOVID-19pandemic: ashortupdate 451 Introduction 495
CONTENTS ix
Preexistingautoimmune rheumatic Autoimmunethyroiddiseases 568
diseases 497 Subacutethyroiditis 568
Preexistingendocrine disordersand TheSARS-CoV-2 virus 568
COVID-19 509 MechanismoftissueinvasionbytheSARS-CoV-2
Preexistingpituitary condition,glandsdisorders,and virus 569
COVID-19 511 Mechanismofautoimmunity
Autoimmuneneurological disease and induction 569
COVID-19 515 Autoimmuneandinflammatory thyroiddiseasesand
Experiencein autoimmunediseases andCOVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 569
inasingleMexicancenter 517 Vaccination againstSARS-CoV-2andthyroid
Conclusions 519 disease 571
References 520 Mechanismsofthyroiddisease in
Furtherreading 528 SARS-CoV-2 572
Conclusion 572
25. COVID-19 in patients with Systemic References 572
Lupus Erythematosus and the
28. Variation of the COVID-19
antiphospholipid syndrome
characteristics between genders
Francesca Crisafulli, Silvia-Ebe-Lucia Della-Pina, Giulia Fontana,
Jorge-ManuelRodrigues-Fernandes,FrancoFranceschini, NicoleBechmannandStefanR.Bornstein
LauraAndreoli,andAngelaTincani
Introduction 577
Introduction 529 Sexdifferencesin severity andoutcomeof
COVID-19: thedisease in SLEpatientswithor COVID-19 577
withoutAPS/aPL 531 Comorbidities varybetween sexeswith
COVID-19: vaccinationSLEpatientswithor consequencesfortheseverityofCOVID-19
withoutAPS/aPL 540 infections 578
Post-COVID andSLE/APS:similar SexualdimorphisminSARS-CoV-2 entry
manifestations 546 pathways 579
References 548 Hypothalamicepituitaryeadrenal(HPA)axis,sex
hormones,andCOVID-19 583
26. Psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis in the Sexdiscrepanciesintheimmuneresponseto
era of COVID-19 COVID-19 585
Sex-relateddifferences inautoimmunity and
PanagiotisAthanassiou,LambrosAthanassiou,and
COVID-19vaccines 585
IfigeniaKostoglou-Athanassiou
SexualdimorphismandlongCOVID
Introduction 557 syndrome 586
Psoriatic arthritisandpsoriasis 558 Conclusions 587
TheSARS-CoV-2 virus 559 References 588
Psoriatic diseaseandSARS-CoV-2 560
Conclusion 562 29. SARS-CoV-2, fertility-related
References 562
autoantibodies and reproductive injury
AradDotan,DarjaKanduc,SylvianeMuller,andYehudaShoenfeld
27. Thyroid autoimmunity and
COVID-19 Introduction 595
Mechanismsinwhich SARS-COV-2maylead to
Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou, Lambros Athanassiou, and
PanagiotisAthanassiou infertility 597
References 600
Introduction 567 Furtherreading 601