AUTHOR AVAILABLE FROM Reforestation in Arid Lands. Appropriate Technologies Peace Corps ...

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DOCUMENT RESUME
SE 644 373
ED 242 563
Palmer, Virginia C., Ed.
AUTHOR
Reforestation in Arid Lands. Appropriate Technologies
TITLE
for Development. Manual M-5.
Collection
Peace Corps, Washington, DC. Information
-4ittitUttON
and Exchange Div.
Sep 83
PUB DATE
248p.
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Botany; Classification; Community Involvement;
DESCRIPTORS
Developing Nations; *Forestry; *Land Use; Long Range
Planning; *Nurseries (Horticulture); Postsecondary
Education; *Program Implementation; Site Selection;
*Trees
*Africa (West); *Reforestation
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
This manual presents some current, state-of-the-art
Africa. It is based on the
examples of forestry programs in West
farmers and herders.
collective experiences of foresters and of local
dry areas are the same
Since many of the problems of reforestation of
subject of project
worldwide, the text (which locuses on the broad
guides useful in more
implementation) includes methods and planning
introduction, text material
than a West Africa context. Following an
(1) long-range planning (present
is presented in sections discussing:
selecting sites); (2) soil and
land uses, community involvement,
compaction); (3) selecting
water (erodability, shallowness, texture,
(natural regeneration,
appropriate Species; (4) project planning
design considerations,
direct seeding, cuttings, nursery planning,
(6) the planting site
seed ,preparation); (5) nursery management;
planting, spacing,
(preparation, lifting out, transporting, and
windbreaks, and sand
survival); and (7) uses and prevention of fires,
West Africa
Stabilization. Appendices include: a directory of 165
and charts
trees; an expanded look at 30 of these trees; maps
and characteristics
explaining climate, rainfall, soil, vegetation,
funding proposals for
of sub-Saharan West Africa; guide to writing
and
reforestation projects; and a list of information sources
familiarity with
bibliographic materials. The manual assumes basic
reforestation terms and methods. (JN)
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INFORMATION COLLECTION & EXCHANGE
Peace Corps' Information Collection & Dirhange (ICE) was
established so that the strategies and technclogies devel-
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oped by Peace CbrpaVOlunteers,_their co-workers; and
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you and your fellow
Peace Corps
Reforestation In Arid
Lands
FRED R. WEBER
TECHNICAL CONSULTANT
Illustrated by FREDERICK J. HOLMAN
Edited by VIRGINIA C. PALMER
VITA
by
Prepared for Peace Corps
Assistance
Vblunteers in Technical
Peace Corps
and Exchange
Inforrliation Collection
manual M-S
September 1982
September 1983
REFORESTATION IN ARID LANDS
VITA, 1977
of_royalty
May be reproduced without payment
for official U;S; Government purposes;
About this manual.
series of publications
RelioxestAtion in At id Lands is the third manual in a
VITA, Volunteers in
being prepared by the United States Peace Corps and
practical
These publications combine Peace Corps'
Technical Assistance.
subjects about which
field experiences with VITA's technical expertise on
finding useful resource
development workers have special difficulties
materials.
PEACE CORPS
the grassroots level in
Since 1961 Peace Corps VolUnteers haVe worked at
as_agriculture, public
countries around the world -in program areas such
BefOrt beginning_their_two-year assignments; _
health; and education.
technical; and langdage
Vo1unteers are given. treining_in cross - cultural,
closely with -the
skillt. _ThiS_training helps them to live and work
It helpsthem;too; to approach develop7
peoplie of- their host countries.
locally available resources
mentprdblems with new_ideas that make use of
and that are appropriate to the local:cultures;
Collection & Exchange so__
Recently Peace Corps established an Information
in -the field could be made avail-
that these ideas developed during service
development- workers who might find them_useful. _
able to_the wide range-of
reviewed; and classified
Materials_froM_the field are now being collected;
These rost usefUl mate=
in the Informtion Collection & Exchange system_
The InforAatiOn_C011ection
rials are_being shared as widely as possible;
materials
& Exchange provides an important source of field -based research
for the production of manuals such as Retioxe4W:Eon.in Mid Lands.
VITA
for technical
VITA people are also Volunteers who respond to requests
the most appro-
In providing sautions, their aim is to_find
assistance.
Therefore, VITA specialists often
triate answers for specific problems.
technologies so that they are of value
must produce new designs or adapt
in developing areas.
Most VITA people now
abroad.
Many VITA Volunteers have lived and worked
developed countries where they are
live in the United.States and other
architects, writers, artists,
engineers, doctors, scientistt, farmers,
in other countries
But they continue to work with people
and so on.
and expertise, VITA
Thanks to their contributions of time
through VITA.
to the Third World for more than
has been providing technical assistance
15 years.
6
Each
Requests for technical assistance come to VITA from many nations.
For example,_a
request is sent to a Volunteer with the right skills.
question about fish pond operation might be sent to a VITA Volunteer who
has had years of experience working to develop ponds in Asia, and who
is now.a,university professor.
THE PEOPLE WHO PREPARE?) THIS MANUAL
Fred R. Weber is actively involved with_both Peace -Corps and VITA.
Mr. Weber has participated in-12 Peace Corps training programs; he
has been a VITA technical consultant for 10 years.
Forest_Ehgineering.
'Mr. WOO' is a civil engineer with an advanced degree in
assis7
He operates his own consulting business and specializes in providing
stance in the fields of agriculture; community development, range management,
forestry and soil conservation, and irrigation engineering.
handbook
In 1971, Mr. Weber authored the Con4envation and Fotutxy Maua., a
The present manual is an outgrowth of
for Peace Corps Volunteers in Niger.
this earlier publication.
Virginia C. Palmer, the editor; has been a VITA Volunteer for_almott eight
She holds a degree in English Eiterature_frOm Statifetd_UniverSity and
years;
She'has done adVanced
a Master's in Interdisciplinary Studies in Education.
work -at Harvardi San Frandited_State College, and the University of Chicago.
Ms._Palmer tpedialiZet in curriculum development and in teaching methods for
both adults and children.
Frederick J. Holman, who provided the illustrations for the mantial, ft_a
institutional
landscape architect specializing in residential, commercial, and
He holds degrees from Paul Smiths C011ege and the state
site design
University of New York, College of Forestry. He hat been a VITA Volunteer
for
years:
(iv)
CONTRIBUTORS
r. OTHER
_
Consulting Forester, Rockefeller
Many thanks are due to John Camp,
William R. Chapline, Consulting
Brothers Fund, New York, N.Y,, and to
review of materials in this
Forester, Washington, D.C., for technical
publication.
provided information or assistance are:
Other people and organizations that
University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
J. W. Duffield,. North Carolina State
of Agriculture, Forest Ser-
Jeffrey L. Wartluft, United States Department
Deede, Hopewell Junction, New
vice, Princeton, W. Virginia; Lawrence.R.
United States Department of
York; National Agricultural Library of the
Library, Smithsonian Institu-
Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.; and the Botany
.
tion, Washington, D.C.
PC/VITA Series Editor and
A_special note of thanks to Laurel Druben,
Gates, Director, Peace Corps
VITA Publications Director, and to Brenda
during
InforMation Collection & Exchange, for their continued support
PC/VITA series; to John
preparation of this manual and others in the
Al and to Carolyn
Goodell, VITA, for research and layout of- Appendix
assistance.
Phrcus, VITA, for overall layout and staff
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Contents
Table Of
to
PAGE
SECTION
iii
"About This Manual"
*
vii
Reply Form
1
INTRODUCTION
..
1
5
LONG-RANGE PLANNING
Invoivemer:t; Selecting
Present Land Uses ; CommJnity
Sites; Other Land Uses
15
SOIL AND WATER
3
Texture; Compaction
Erodability; Shallowness;
23
CHOOSING SPECIES
4
Environmental Constraints; Purpose;
Human Factors; Other Guidelines
29
PROJECT PLANNING
P--"
Direct:Seeding; Cuttings;
-Natural Regeneration;
Decisions;_OverallDesign
Nursery Planning; First
Water;
and.Layout; Other Design_Considerations;
ProtiCtion; Seed Preparation
61
NURSERY MANAGEMENT
6
and Soil Prepara-
AdMinittering the Nursery; Ground
Cultivation; Trans-
Seeding; Watering and
porting.
75
THE PLANTING SITE
and
Preparation; Lifting Out, Transporting,
Planting; Spacing; Survival