Austria͛s Internaional Posiion after the End of the Cold War

308 Pages·2013·4.12 MB·English

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Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.)
CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 22
UNO PRESS
innsbruck university press
Copyright © 2013 by University of New Orleans Press, New Orleans,
Louisiana, USA
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright
Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in
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UNO Press, University of New Orleans, LA 138, 2000 Lakeshore Drive.
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Printed in the United States of America
Design by Lauren Capone
Cover photo credit: Hopi Media
Published in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe
University of New Orleans Press: by Innsbruck University Press
ISBN: 9781608011162 ISBN: 9783902936011
UNO PRESS
Contemporary Austrian Studies
Sponsored by the University of New Orleans
and Universität Innsbruck
Editors
Günter Bischof, CenterAustria, University of New Orleans
Ferdinand Karlhofer, Universität Innsbruck
Assistant Editor Production and Copy Editor
Dominik Hofmann-Wellenhof Lauren Capone
University of New Orleans
Executive Editors
Christina Antenhofer, Universität Innsbruck
Kevin Graves, University of New Orleans
Advisory Board
Siegfried Beer Sándor Kurtán
Universität Graz Corvinus University Budapest
Peter Berger Günther Pallaver
Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien Universität Innsbruck
John Boyer Joseph Patrouch (ex officio)
University of Chicago Wirth Institute for Austrain and
Gary Cohen Central European Studies,
University of Minnesota University of Alberta
Christine Day Peter Pulzer
University of New Orleans University of Oxford
Oscar Gabriel Oliver Rathkolb
Universität Stuttgart Universität Wien
Malachi Hacohen Sieglinde Rosenberger
Duke University Universität Wien
Reinhard Heinisch Alan Scott
Universität Salzburg Universität Innsbruck
Pieter Judson Heidemarie Uhl
Swarthmore College Austrian Academy of Sciences
Wilhelm Kohler Ruth Wodak
Universität Tübingen University of Lancaster
Helmut Konrad
Universität Graz
Publication of this volume has been made possible through generous grants from the Austrian
Ministry of European and International Affairs through the Austrian Cultural Forum in
New York as well as the Austrian Ministry of Science and Research. The Austrian Marshall
Plan Anniversary Foundation in Vienna has been very generous in supporting CenterAustria
at the University of New Orleans and its publications series. The College of Liberal Arts at
the University of New Orleans and the Auslandsamt of the University of Innsbruck provided
additional financial support.

Table of Contents
PREFACE ix
INTRODUCTION
Günter Bischof: Of Dwarfs and Giants: From Cold War Mediator
to Bad Boy of Europe Austria and the U.S. in the Transatlantic
Arena (1990-2013) 13
AUSTRIAN FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY
Ursula Plassnik: On the Road to a Modern Identity: Austria’s
Foreign Policy Agenda from the Cold War to the European
Union 55
Emil Brix: Austrian Cultural and Public Diplomacy after
the Cold War 95
Erwin A. Schmidl: Austrian Security Policy
after the End of the Cold War 108
James Sheehan: What Does it Mean to be Neutral?
Postwar Austria from a Comparative Perspective 121
EASTERN EUROPE AND THE BALKANS
Arnold Suppan: Austria and Eastern Europe in the Post-
Cold War Context: Between the Opening of the Iron Curtain
and a New Nation-Building Process in Eastern Europe 143
Hanspeter Neuhold: The Return of History in the Balkans
after the Cold War: International Efforts at Conflict Resolution 167
Andreas Resch: Austrian Foreign Trade and Austrian
Companies’ Economic Engagement in Eastern Europe
(CEE) since 1989 198
FOREIGN POLICY AND MEMORY
Norman Naimark: Historical Memory and the Debate
about the Vertreibung Museum 227
NONTOPICAL ESSAYS
Ferdinand Karlhofer: The Rise and Decline and Rise
of Austria’s Radical Right 245
BOOK REVIEWS
Harold James: Dieter Stiefel, Camillo Castiglioni oder
die Metaphysik der Haifische 271
Gerhard Weinberg: Birgitte Kepplinger and Irene Leitner, eds.,
worked on by Andrea Kammerhofer, Dameron Report:
Bericht des War Crimes Investigating Teams No. 6824 der U.S.
Army vom 17.7 1945 über die Tötungsanstalt Hartheim 274
Berndt Ostendorf:Thomas König, Die Frühgeschichte
des Fulbright Program in Österreich: Transatlantische
“Fühlungnahme auf dem Gebiete der Erziehung” 277
David Schriffl: Adrian von Arburg and Tomáš Staněk, eds.,
The Expulsion of the Sudenten Germans
from Postwar Czechoslovakia 282
Anton Pelinka:Heinz Kienzl and Herbert Starke, eds.,
Anton Benya und der Austrosozialismus 290
Günter Bischof: Margit Reiter and Helga Embacher, eds.,
Europa und der 11, September 2011 292
ANNUAL REVIEW
Reinhold Gärtner: Austria 2012 299
LIST OF AUTHORS 304

Preface
Günter Bischof
In the historical profession today diplomatic history and foreign relations
are not considered sexy and fashionable topics. Many colleagues think this
is a hidebound field. Young colleagues engage in cultural studies, the history
of emotions, and continue to show great interest in social history and the
history of minorities. Political history does not attract young scholars much
either. Yet the need to assess a nation’s foreign relations persists. In the past
quarter century we have moved from the Cold War to the Post-Cold War
era in Austria, Europe and the world at large. Yet relatively little assessment
is available what the change from the Cold War to the Post-Cold War era
signaled for Austria’s position in the world. Austrian foreign policy went
through sea changes. The country lost its exposed Cold War geopolitical
location on the margins of Western Europe along the iron curtain. With
the removal of the iron curtain Austria moved back into its central
location in Europe and rebuilt her long-standing traditional relations with
neighbors to the East and South. Austria joined the European Union in
1995 and thus further “Westernized.” Its policy of neutrality—so central
to its foreign policy during the Cold War—largely eroded during the past
quarter century, even though pro forma and reasons of identity, the country
holds on to its neutral position. Austrian failed to join NATO and gained
the reputation of a “security free rider.”
From these basic post-1989 foreign policy reorientations many
subsequent political, social and mental departures followed. As a result of
the country’s opening to East and South, Austrian business and banking
invested big time in the formerly communist Soviet satellites—since 1989
newly independent countries. Austrian businesses wreaked tremendous
profits from helping to rebuild prosperity and thus “Westernizing” (not
necessarily “Americanizing”) the region. Austria continued to act as a
“cultural superpower” and established a whole host of highly visible cultural
representations in Eastern and Southern Europe. While Austria’s relations
with its traditional neighbors to the East and South and Western Europe
flourished, and strong diplomatic representations were built in Asia and
x
China, relations with the United States wilted. In 2007 the Austrian
Foreign Ministry was renamed Ministry of European and International
Affairs, reflecting these new priorities in the world. Even the ancient locus
of the center of foreign policy formulation has changed. Austrian diplomacy
is no longer conducted from the Ballhausplatz but from Albertinaplatz
and Herrengasse in Vienna’s first district. Austrian diplomats, building
on an old and distinguished tradition, managed to be appointed to many
important assignments as mediators, particularly in the post-Yugoslav
conflict region in the Western Balkans, by the European Union and the
international community. Also, the face of the Austrian foreign service
changed dramatically; it is no longer a preserve of male dominance—
women increasingly have seized the reins of power in Austrian diplomacy.
In the past quarter century Austria distanced itself from its postwar
politics of history of claiming to be a “victim of Hitlerite Germany.”
Austrian governments concede now that many of their co-nationals had
been perpetrators of war crimes during World War II and Austria took
responsibility of paying restitution to those truly victimized during World
War II. So, an assessment of Austria’s foreign relations and international
position in the years since the end of the Cold War is needed.
A core portion of the papers in this volume (Arnold Suppan, Erwin
Schmidl, Hanspeter Neuhild, James, Sheehan, Norman Naimark) were first
delivered in a conference organized by the “European Forum” at Stanford
University and the University of Vienna in March 2009 (for the program see
http://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/5377/Stanford-University_of_Vienna
_Conference-March_5-6-2009-Conference_Schedule_-_FINAL.pdf).
We would like to thank the Stanford European Forum’s Roland Hsu und
Amir Eshel for the conference arrangements and Sean McIntyre for a first
round of editing the Stanford papers. Wolfgang Mueller and Arnold Suppan
were among the Austrian participants of the workshop and kind enough to
suggest these papers be published in Contemporary Austrian Studies. While
I was a guest scholar at Vienna’s Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen
in June 2012, Mueller engaged me in mapping out a CAS volume built on
the Stanford papers. At this point the rest of the authors were invited to
contribute essays to flesh out the range of themes in this volume (Ursula
Plassnik, Emil Brix, Andreas Resch). We are very grateful to Wolfgang
Mueller for his vital contribution in helping us put together the core
portion of the volume—the essays dealing with the foreign and security
policy issues. Ferdinand Karlhofer’s non-topical essay provides an update
on the state of the post-Haider Austrian Freedom Party FPÖ, the ups and
downs of an Austrian policy field that CAS has been covering for the past
twenty years. As always, book reviews and the Annual Review of Austrian