Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (2) : Cavalry

48 Pages·1986·7.104 MB·English

by  Philip Haythornthwaite, Bryan Fosten

181 OSPREY· MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES
of
~strian ~my the
. llpoleonic 'Wars
2 :
Gavalry
----
Text by PHILIP HAYTHORNTHWAITE Colourplates by BRYAN FOSTEN
of
(2)
AustrianArmy theNapoleonic IMrs
Organisation were superior to well-trained 'men with poor
officers. From the outset, higher command in the
cavalry was far less capable due to appointments
being influenced by nepotism and politics, and
The mounted troops of the Hapsburg Empire resulting in commanders who frequently lacked
comprised one of the most powerful forces of the experience ofactive service. As Archduke Charles
apoleonicWars; thefield armyinMarch 1809,for reported from the etherlands in 1794, so
example, included no less than 44,940 cavalrymen dissatisfied with theircommanderswere theofficers
and 42,791 horses. Thoughinvolvedin a numberof ofthe Kinsky Chevauxlegers that they 'havesworn
epic actions, however, limitations in the ability of
the higher echelons of command prevented the
force from being as effective as it might, and
successive re-organisations eem to have had little Cuirassier officer, 1796; note that the coat is worn over the
cuirass.ThetrUJ1lpeterinthebackgroundridesa greyhorse.
effect in redressing the balance. (Printafter R. von Ottenfeld).
Many of the more general facts relating to the
internal workings of the Austrian army are as
applicable to the cavalry as to the infantry, as
described in the companion title, The Austrian Amry
ojthe Napoleonic Wars (I) (MAA 176). Recruiting
was largely as for the infantry; although cavalry
units were suppo ed to accept only men who had
alreadycompleted basic training with the infantry,
this was usually disregarded. Cavalry regiments
(especially Hungarian units) had little difficulty in
attractingrecruits, unlike manyinfantryregim nts.
This was reflected in the bounties paid to men
enlisted in the smaller south German tates, which
provided so much of the Austrian army's man
power: 35florins bountyfor aninfantryrecruit, but
only 29for a cavalryman-aclearindicationofthe
preference for the mounted arm among most
potentialrecruits. Ranksin thecavalryweresimilar
to those in the infantry, although from 1771 the
rank ofHauptleute (senior lieutenant) was re-styled
Rittmeister, a squadron commander being the
Premier-Rittmeister, his deputy the Seconde-Rittmeister
and the senior NCO rank was known as
Wachtmeister (sergeant).
As in theinfantry, the qualityofthe officercorps
was ofgreat importance, and this was stressed by
the 1806 regulations which claimed that poorly
trained and ill-mounted troops with good officers
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'German'cavalryequipment,pre-1798regulations.Includedis Carabinier,pre-1798.Theuniformisvirtuallyidenticaltothat
thetroopers'sabrewithwhiteleatherstrapand'knot'pierced ofCuirassiers,eventotheParolionthecollar,thoughthehat
withfourholes,asusedthroughouttheperiod;anNCOsabre laceisindicativeofCarabiniers.(PrintafterR.vonOttenfeld)
with black and yellow knot and tassel; a cartridge box with
plate,andtheranuodona strapattachedtotheundersideof
the shoulder belt; and the carbine clipped to its belt. (Print
afterR. von Ottenfeld)
that the first such gentleman who delivers an order other. The Saxons had the better of this sad
to attack will be forced to take part in the charge'! encounter.
The system whereby the regimental lnhaber Despite successive changes in organisation (and
(colonel-proprietor) had so much control over the the usual change in title when a new lnhaber was
affairsoftheregimentwasequallyapplicablein the appointed, as each regiment bore the name ofits
cavalry as in the infantry, regimental commissions 'proprietor'), certain features of the regiments
being within a colonel's gift. Among the system's remained reasonably standard. As with the
difficulties was a singular incident which occurred infantry, distinct differences existed between regi
at Wagram, when Prince Albert ofSaxe-Teschen mentsformedin'German'and 'Hungarian'areasof
was lnhaber of a regiment on either sid the the empire; the former included all non
Austrian Prince Albert's Cuirassiers and the Saxon 'Hungarians' such as Walloons and Italians, and
Prince Albert's Hussars. As the countries had long the latter Croatians, Slovenians and Transyl
been at peace, it had been his practice to appoint vanians. Withoutexception the Hungarian cavalry
candidates to whichever vacancy was next avail were all hussar, the army's light cavalry, and all
able, ineitherregiment. Thuson thisoccasioneven other regiments were 'German' and classed as
members of the same family found themselves 'heavy' or 'medium', only the Chevauxlegers were
arrayed on opposing sides, and by even greater regarded as 'light' troops in the German cavalry,
coincidence the regiments actually charged each though in effect they were more akin to the
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'medium' Dragoons; all but the Ulzlam ofGalicia from the mounted elements of various Frei-Corps.
conformed to these basic groupings. As a result of From this date regiments cea ed to be numbered
theextratimerequired to trainacavalryman, there con ecutively, irrespective of type.
existed only minor differences between a unit's After the Treaty of Luneville (1801) another
wartime and peacetime establishments with units reorganisation was undertaken, reducing th
being kept near full strength at all times. A cadre number ofregiments from 42 to 35, partly because
was also maintained to enable a 'Reserve Division' some of the likely theatres of future operations
to be assembled in wartime. (Switzerland, Italy and the Tyrol) offered little
At the outbreak ofthe French wars, the cavalry scopeformajorcavalryactions.Disbandedwere the
wasin the process ofreorganisation. In 1792 it was Cuirassier regiments numbered 4, 5 and I I, the
approximately 40,000 strong, comprising two Light Dragoon regiments 2, 5, 6 and 9, the
regiments ofCarabiniers, nine ofCuirassiers, six of MountedJagersand the 12thHussars,although the
Dragoons, seven of Chevauxlegers, a 'Staff latter number was filled by the formation ofa new
Dragoon' regiment (Stabs-Dragoner-Regiment), nine Grenz regiment (the Palatinal-Grenz-Huszaren) in
'National' light regiments of Hungarian Hussars, 1802. The 12th Cuirassiers were converted to
oneregimentofSzeklerGrenz(border) Hussar,and Dragoons, and the Light Dragoons again split into
a newly-formed regiment of Ulzlans (lancers). The Dragoons and Chevauxlegers. A third regiment of
main tactical element for all regiments was the Ulzlans was newly-formed.
'division', commanded by a field officer, which The regiments existing inJune 1802 were styled
comprised twosquadrons,eachsquadronconsisting as follows:
oftwo 'wings' (Fliigel) oftwo platoons (Ziigen) each. Cuirassiers: Regt. o. I Kaiser Franz; o. 2
In the heaviest regiments-the Carabinier and Erzherzog Franz (d'Este); o. 3 Herzog Albert
Cuirassiers-each squadron numbered approx v. Sachsen-Teschen; 0.4ErzherzogFerdinand'
imately 150 men ofall ranks; in the Dragoons and 0.5 assau-Usingen; 0.6Baron Mack; 0.7
light regiments, between 170 and 180. For the Prinz Carl v. Lothringen; and o. 8
Carabiniersand Hussars, each regiment comprised Hohenzollern-Hechingen.
four 'divisions' (8 squadrons); the remainder each
had three 'divisions' (except the Szekler Grenz
Hussarswhichhad fiveand the Ulzlanregimentwith Horsefurniture,'GerlDan'cavalry,ofthepatterninuseprior
two). Thestandard-escortcomprised 24menin the to the 1798 regulations: scarlet cloth shabraque and holster
caps with yellow lace bearing white diaJDonds edged black.
Carabiniersand Hussars, and 18menin theothers. The Roque/o,.isrolledbeneaththeholstercaps.(PrintafterR.
von Ottenfeld)
A major reform was instituted in 1798, affecting
principally the German regiments. The Cuira ier
arm was increased to 12 regiments, by the
conversion ofboth Carabinier corps (the Emperor
and Albert regiments) and by the formation of a
new 12th Cuirassiers. This was formed from
elements ofthe Carabiniers plus the cavalry ofthe
Anhalt-Zerbst contingent (absorbed into the
Austrian army, with the infantry going to the new
11thLightBn.) and thesurvivorsofthe old French
guard cavalry corps of Royal-Allemand Dragoon.
The Dragoons and Chevauxlegers were merged
intoa singlelistof15LightDragoon regiments, the
old 'Staff Dragoons' going into the 9th Light
Dragoons, and the 13th Regt. being newly-raised.
The Hussars were enlarged to 12 regiments, a
second Ulzlan regiment formed, and a new corps of
MountedJagers(JagerRegt. zuPferd(Bussy') created
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Dragoons: No. I Erzherzog Johann (previously
Light Dragoons NO.3); No. 2 Hohenlohe
(previously NO.7); No. 3 Wiirttemberg (pre
viously No.8); NO.4 Levenehr (previously No.
14); No. 5Savoyen (previouslyNo. 15); and No.
6 Melas (previously 12th Cuirassiers).
Chevauxlegers: No. I Kaiser (previously Light
Dragoons No. I); No. 2 Hohenzollern (pre
viously NO.4); NO.3 Lobkowitz (previously No.
lO); NO.4 La Tour (previously No. II); NO.5
Kinsky (previously No. 12); and No.6 Rosen
berg (previously No. 13).
The establishment of eight Cuirassier, six
Dragoon, six Chevauxleger, 12 Hussar and three
Uklan regiments remained constant until 1813,
when a fourth Ulzlan regimentwas raised, andfrom
the re-occupied Italian provinces a 7th Chevaux
legers. Hasty reforms were pushed through by
Mack, taking effect from April 1805, by which all
units comprised eightsquadrons, with 131 men per
squadron in the heavy regiments and 151 in the
light; these hasty measures, with delays in
mobilisation resulting in many squadrons embark
ing on the 1805 campaign with but lOO troopers,
contributed not a little to the defeat of that year,
anditwaslefttoArchdukeCharlestoinstitutemore
useful reforms. From then on, heavy regiments
comprisedsixsquadronsof135men each, andlight
regiments eightsquadrons of150 each (the Szekler
Grenz Hussars six squadrons). In addition, each
regiment carried a number of supplementary
dismounted troopers, who upon mobilisation could
actasacadreforareservesquadronof60meninthe
'heavies' and go in the 'lights'. Total regimental
strength now stood as follows: Cuirassiers and
Dragoons, gIg menand 8I5horses; Chevauxlegers,
1,358 men and 1,212 horses; Hussars and Uhlans
1,360 men and 1,2I2 horses, except the Szekler
Hussars who had g8g men and glO horses. Among
thosewhoweremountedonlyin wartimewereeach
regiment's various 'specialists', the Fouriers (quar
termaster staff) and smiths, for example. Recruits
and remounts were provided by the regimental
reservesquadrons; normalstrengthwhenmobilised
upon the cadre was 143 men and 133 horses for
Dragoon wearing the pre-1798 uniform. Note especially the
largesizeoftheturnbacks,andthetricornhat,whichlatterly
tended to have the front 'corner' flattened to reselDble a
bicorn. (PrintafterR. von Ottenfeld)
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Cuirassiers and Dragoons, 180 men and 171 horses
for the remainder (175 men and 171 horses for the
Szekler Hussars). From these reserve squadrons,
regimental active strength could be increased by
112 mounted men in the 'heavies' and 150 in the
'lights'. Although the quality of horses was
generally good, remounts were never sufficient.
The effect of the expan'sion for war service is
reflected in the statistics of the cavalry establish
ment as at 1 March 180g:
Eight regiments Cuirassiers, six regiments Dra
goons, each six squadrons and one reserve
squadron: 1,031 men, 975 horses each.
II regiments Hussars, three regiments Uhlans, each
eightsquadronsand onereservesquadron: 1,481
men, 1,414 horses each.
Sixregiments Chevauxlegers, each eightsquadrons
and one reserve squadron: 1,479 men, 1,414
horses each.
One regiment Szekler Hussars, eight squadrons
(two additionalformed for war) and one reserve
Chevauxleger,pre-1798uniforru,showingthetallerversionof
squadron: 1,478 men, 1,408 horses.
theinfantryCasquet,andthegreenuniformwithredfacings,as
Staff Dragoons (Stabsdragoner-Regiment): re-formed worn by the two senior regiments, (Print after R, von
Ottenfeld)
1805,onesquadronplustenindependent'wings':
8g8 men, 873 horses.
Givingagrand totalof'regular' cavalry (including paces from the enemy, at which point the
theGrenzHussars) of46,418menand44,Igghorses. trumpeters were ordered to sound 'Alarm', officers
Afurther reorganisation occurred after the 180g shouted 'Marsch! Marsch!', and the troopersraised
campaign, when the heavyregiments werereduced theirsabresabove their heads. For thefirst time the
to four squadrons and the light regiments to six, 1784 manual discussed fencing with the sabre
(insteadofrelyingsimply upon a downward chop).
It also mentioned massed charges, executed by
several'regiments, but it did not elaborate further.
lar/irs According to Mack, few ifany regiments in 1789
were able to gallop far without becoming
disordered.
In earlier days (especially against the Turks) the The regulations were updated frequently, and a
Austrian cavalry had made considerable use of new issue in 1806 confirmed earlier practices,
mounted fire, but for some time this had been specified in the previous revision of1804. The two
discouraged and shock action with the sabre was squadron 'division' remained the principal tactical
considered the primary function of cavalry. The element, while a two-deep line, rather than three,
1784Regulations (amending slightly those of1765 was recognised as the standard formation, It wa
and 1769), while covering fire-fights (normally stated that cavalry were to act offensively where
executed in two lines), concentrated mainly upon possible and that the charge (delivered at 12-pace
the charge, for which the usual formation was in intervals between divisions) was the recommended
three lines, with troopers formed knee-to-knee. tactic. Troopswereforbidden to receivea chargeat
Techniques for the charge remained reasonably the halt, all charges were to be made with flank
constant. Increasinggraduallyfrom a slow trot to a guards, and the regulations stressed that a reserve
gallop, full speed was only reached at about 80 was to be kept at all times. Speed was to be
7
regulated from walk to trot, canter and restrained
gallop, so as not to blow the horses before the full
gallop within the last 80 paces before impact.
Although charges in column were being used
increasingly by the French, the Austrian cavalry
was ordered to use the column and 'mass' only for
manoeuvre; thus the two-deep line could be at a
disadvantage when meeting a French column. A
greaterdisadvantagewas thelackofinstructionsfor
multi-regiment charges, and with the lack oflarge
scale exercises thi was never brought to light,
resulting in futile and unco-ordinated attacks by
single regiments, or even 'divisions' or squadrons.
Thetendency tofragmentcavalrystrength (though
opposed by Archduke Charles) was reinforced by
the new regulations, which called for large
formations to manoeuvre in column during
deployment; fearful ofcharges by enemy cavalry,
commanders often insisted upon cavalry support
and receiveditin theform ofsmall detachmentsfor
flank protection. Instead ofassuming the role ofa
decisive, independent assault force, which it had
enjoyed in the reign ofMaria Theresa, the cavalry
became increasingly a support element for the
infantry, which role it assumed in the 1809
campaign, considerably reducing its combat effect
Iveness.
Chevauxlegerand Hussar,pre-17g8. Note thepeakless shako
Despite their mi use by higher command, the
oftheHussar,withtheplUlDeworninsidea blackwaterproof
cover. (PrintafterR. vonOttenfeld) Austrian regulars rarely performed less than
proficiently, as remarked upon by contemporary
observersfrom othernations.Thiswasevidentfrom
theoutsetofthe Frenchwars, and isemphasised by
a comment from J. G. Le Marchant, the British
cavalry leader killed at Salamanca who, as a troop
officer in the Queen's Bays in 1793, described the
Austrian cavalry with whom his unit was brigaded
in anaction atCasselinJuneofthatyear: 'I amjust
returnedfrom ascenethat,oncoolreflection,makes
mysoulshrinkwithinme; butitisoneofthehorrors
ofwar. Whatgave me most painwas tosee that the
Austrians gave no quarter. Poor devils on their
knees, merely begging for mercy, were cut down.
My own people, thank God! were as merciful as
possible ... [we] had taken five men alive, but
TrooperswearingtheuniforOlSoftwoofthecOOlponentparts
ofthenewlyfOrOled12thCuirassiers,17g8:left,Anhalt-Zerbst
cavalry (yellow faced light blue); right, Royal-Allemand
Dragoons(darkbluefacedcherryred,whitelace).Bothwear
the black and yellow Austrian pluOle. (Print after R. von
Ottenfeld)
8
leaving them for an instant in pursuit of others, (actually light straw yellow) and were worn inside
some Austrians came up and butchered them'. high-topped riding boots, with 'cuffs' inside
Nevertheless, he noted that the Austrians were 'as protecting the knees.
superior to us as we are to the train-bands in the Although full cuirsasses (and even 17th-century
city'. iron helmets) had been worn as late as 1788-89 in
Appropriately, the Hussars in particular en the Turkish war, the cuirass worn by Carabinier
joyed a reputation not only for elan but for an and Cuirassiershadafrontplateonly;itwasslightly
uncompromising attitude; Marbot, for example, domed and painted black, with an inner lining of
claimed with some disgust that the Szeklers were canvas orchamoisleather, and retained by a white
responsible for two attacks upon French flags of leather waist strap attached to cross straps at the
truce, assassinating the French plenipotentiaries at rear. A white leather waist belt was worn over the
Rastatt in 1799, and cutting up the French coat, with the sabre suspended on slings; the sabre
delegation outside the gates of Vienna in 1809. wasa Pallasch (broadsword) witha blade4cmwide
Their enemies, however, accorded respect to and between 84 and 88cm long, with iron fittings
the professionalism of the Austrian regiments, and a scabbard (brass fittings for NCOs and a
and complimented-for instance-the O'Reilly natural leather scabbard for Wachtmeisters). Over
Chevauxlegers, who covered the retreat at Auster the left shoulder was carried a white leather belt
litz with great skill and success, by describing the 9cm wide, supportinga blackleathercartridge box
corps as 'one ofthefinest regiments in the Austrian holding r8 cartridges, bearing the Emperor's
army'.
Cuirassiertrooper(left)andofficer(right),1798uniform.Note
the trooper's white lambskin saddle cover and the officer's
black, the colouring specified originally by the 1798 re
Uniforms: gulations. The unit illustrated has the scarlet facings and
yellowbuttonsofthe8th(Hohenzollern)Regt. (PrintafterR.
von Ottenfeld)
Gernlan Cavalry
Pre-I798 UniforlDs
The uniform worn before 1798 was that evolving
from thedressofthemid- tolater 18thcentury. The
headdressconsisted ofa black tricorn hat, although
latterly the front corner had become flatter so as
more to resemblea bicorn. At the leftsideitcarried
a black, butterfly-shaped cockade held by a loopof
mixed blackand yellow braid with a button, above
which rose a 22cm feather plume, the upper two
thirds black and the lower third yellow. The braid
and plume in these two colours were standard
national distinctions, used throughout the period.
Hats ofthe two Carabinier regiments had a It-in.
lace edging. The single-breasted white coat ofthe
heavy regiments was similar to that worn by the
infantry, closed at the front, with shortish but
voluminousskirts and large turnbacks which had a
2t-in. edgingofthe regimentalfacing-colour; a It
in. standing collar bearing a facing-coloured patch
or Paroli on each side, with a button; and plain
facing-coloured cuffsfastened by twosmall buttons
at the rear seam. The breeches were 'white'
9
shabraque had borne theInhaber'scoatofarms, but
after that date they carried a crowned yellow
cypher with narrow black edging. A rolled white
RoqueLor (overcoat) was carried under the pistol
holsters at the front ofthe saddle.
COsweredressed as trooper, exceptfor a gold
sword knot. For Wachtmeister and Estandartenfiihrers
(standard-bearers) the hat bore gold lace and the
shabraque three laces; corporals and Carabinier
troopers had silver lace on their hats. Wachtmeisters
carried 'Spanish reed' canes with an ivory top, and
corporals a hazel cane. Trumpeters wore the
uniform ofthe troopers, minus thecuirass, butwith
a red plume.
Officers' uniforms were radically different, with
the cuirass worn over a facing-coloured waistcoat
and underneath a long white coat with facing
coloured ParoLi and cuffs, instead ofover the coat
likethoseoftheotherranks. Officers'cuirasseshada
gilded rim and a gilded 'arrowhead' on the breast,
extending to the lower edge for field officers. Their
hats were gold-laced, their white or straw yellow
breeches worn with high boots, and the universal
gold and black a h was worn around the waist;
theirscabbards were black leather. Horsefurniture
wa like that of the other ranks, but with gold or
Cuirassier trooper, ClUllpaign dress, 17gB, wearing the grey silver lace and ornaments.
serviceoverallsandwithfullkit. Note the coiledpicketrope
betweenthevaliseandtheleftknee,andtheendofthepicket Dragoon were uniformed and equipped in a
stakecarriedattherightside.(PrintpublishedbyTranquillo
imilar fashion to the Cuira iers, but without the
Mollo)
cuira s, and with turn-down collars in the facing
colour, without the ParoLi.
cypher in brass. A similar belt supported the Chevauxlegers were dressed and equipped like
carbine on a spring clip. For Carabiniers, the belts the Dragoons, except that the first two regiments
hadanedgingof2.6cm-wideyellowlace,anda2cm wore bottle-green uniforms with crimson facings
lace edging on the cartridge box flap. The carbine insteadofthewhitecoatsoftheremainder. Allwore
was r23cm long and weighed 3.4kg; in early r792 afeltorleatherCasquet, taller than thatworn by the
six men in every carbine-armed squadron were infantry, with a 23cmfalse front and a r6'5cm rear,
issued with the Model r789 CavaLleril-stutzen, a the front edged with yellow braid and bearing a
short-barrelled rifle. The Model r759 Trombon brass plate; at the left side was the national yellow
(blunderbuss) had been issued to r2 men per rosette with blackcentre, and above it a blackover
cuirassier squadron, modified in r78r, was with yellowfeather. LatterlytheCasquetshaddetachable
drawn in r798. Each man carried two pistols in sun visor. Officersworea cocked hatinstead ofthe
addle hoI ters. The black leather addle rested Casquet, and trumpeters of the first two regiments
upon a white blanket folded four times; the had 'reversed colours', crimson coats faced bottle
rectangular habraque with rounded rear corners green.
and holstercapswereofred cloth, edged with rtin. Anoted exceptionwas the LatourRegiment, the
lace ofa white, black, and yellow design, with one old r4thDragoon whohadenjoyedadistinguished
narrow and one wide lace for Carabiniers. Prior to record earlier in the century. They had worn a
1777 the holster caps and rear corners of the green Walloon uniform, which colour was restored
10
to them as a mark ofdistinction when converted to
Chevauxlegersin 179I.Theyworecocked hatsand,
having remained loyal during th etherlands
agitation, were especiallyfavoured by the Imperial
family, carrying on 'honour standard. One side
bore a half-length portrait ofEmperor Leopold II
(1790-92) with the inscription 'Leopoldus II
Augustus, and the other was inscribed 'A La
FideliteetValeurSignaleedu Regimentde Latour
Dragons Reconnue par l'Emper ur et Roi'.
The 1798 UnifOrtl1: Cuirassiers
The 1798 regulations changed the appearance of
the cavalry as radically as that of the infantry,
especially by the adoption of the crested black
leather helmet, identical to that ordered for the
infantry, with a brass front plate bearing the
Emperor's cypher 'F.II', (changed to 'F.I.' when
the title 'Holy Roman Emperor' was relinquished
[1804-06]),andaleathercomb topped byacrestof
black over yellow. The remarks concerning the
helmetgivenin MAA 176areapplicableequally to
the cavalry helmet, including the use ofthe green
foliageFeLdzeichen (arelicoftheold 'field- ign'ofthe
17thcentury, retained by the Austrian armyas late
as the 20th century), usually ofoak in summer and
fir in winter, affixed behind the left chinstrap boss
and worn as high as the top ofthe helmet.
The 1798 coat was white, ingle breasted, with a
whitestandingcollar Itins. high, bearinga facing
coloured patch I in. high by It ins. long with a
small button. The cuffs were facing-coloured, the
skirtsless voluminousand the turnback white with
facing-coloured edging. Ten large button were on
the breast and two at the rear, with two small
buttons on each cuff and one to each pair of
turnbacks. A single strap was carried at the rear of
the left shoulder, with a small button, and another
strap (4 ins. long by I in. wide), also of the coat
colour, was carried at the left waist, fastened by a
large button, to ecure the waist-belt. A white
sleeved waistcoat with standing collar wa worn
under the coat, or carried in the valise in hot
weather. The blackstock, whitecloth breeches and
stockingsweresimilarto thoseworn bytheinfantry.
The riding boots were reduced to a height 2 in.
below the kneecap, with spurs with a I in. neck CuirassierindislDounted'guardorder', '798uniforlD:lDinus
screwed into the heel. For service dress overalls of thecuirass,andwiththescabbardinsertedintoa looponthe
waist beltto preventithinderinglDovelDent. Note thepistol
'mixed grey' cloth extended to the ankle, buttoned carriedina sUnilarloop. (PrintafterR. von Ottenfeld)
(I