Australian longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

503 Pages·2013·66.836 MB·English

by  Stanisław Adam Ślipiński, Hermes E Escalona

´
Adam Slipi´nski & Hermes E. Escalona
Australian
Longhorn Beetles
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Volume 1
Introduction and Subfamily Lamiinae
´
Adam Slipin´ski
CSIRO Australian National Insect Collection
&
Hermes E. Escalona
Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola
Universidad Central de Venezuela
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013 This publication is available from
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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
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Ślipiński, Adam, author.
Email [email protected]
Australian longhorn beetles (coleoptera: cerambycidae).
Volume 1, Introduction and subfamily lamiinae /
Adam Slipinski and Hermes E. Escalona.
Disclaimer
978 1 486 30003 7 (hardback)
The views and opinions expressed in this
978 1 486 30004 4 (ePDF)
publication are those of the authors and do
978 1 486 30005 1 (ePub)
not necessarily reflect those of the Australian
Government, the Minister for Sustainability, Includes bibliographical references and index.
Environment, Water, Population and
Cerambycidae – Australia. Beetles – Australia.
Communities, the Minister for Agriculture,
Escalona, Hermes E., author.
Fisheries and Forestry, Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 595.76480994
(CSIRO) or CSIRO Publishing.
While reasonable efforts have been made to
ensure that the contents of this publication
are factually correct, the Commonwealth,
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responsibility for the accuracy or completeness
of the contents, and shall not be liable for any
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the contents of this publication.
Editor A Wells
Designer B Kuchlmayr
Cover photo Rhytiphora pardalis, © Jiří Lochman
Set in Warnock Pro & Zapf Humanist
Published by ABRS, Canberra
CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne
Printed by 1010 Printing International Ltd, China
01-prelims-amended-18.06.2013.indd 2 15/07/13 9:48 AM
Contents
Abstract v
Acknowledgements vi
Material and methods viii
Family Cerambycidae 1
Introduction 2
Morphology of adult beetles 4
Morphology of larvae and pupae 20
Biology and ecology 35
Economic importance 39
Geographic distribution 42
Phylogeny and classifi cation 44
Australian Cerambycidae 47
History of research 48
Higher classifi cation of Australian Cerambycidae 49
Diagnosis of Family Cerambycidae 50
Keys to subfamilies of Australian Cerambycidae 53
Adults 55
Larvae 55
Subfamily Lamiinae 63
Classifi cation of Australian Lamiinae 64
Diagnosis of Subfamily Lamiinae 66
Key to adults of genera of Lamiinae in Australia 69
Review of the Australian genera of Lamiinae 79
Lamiinae fi gures 253
Appendix 1: New synonymies 395
Appendix 2: New generic combinations proposed for Australian species 399
Appendix 3: Type specimens, Australian and extra-Australian 403
Bibliography 443
Index of scientifi c names 471
iii
Dedication
We dedicate this book to our mentor Dr John F. Lawrence, as a tribute to his
scientifi c achievements and to celebrate his upcoming 80th Birthday next year.
Dr Lawrence’s work has informed and inspired entomologists worldwide; it will endure.
iv
Abstract
Longhorn Beetles — Cerambycidae are one of the most easily recognised groups of
beetles, a family that worldwide encompasses over 33,000 species in 5,200 genera.
With over 1,400 species classifi ed in 300 genera, this is the sixth largest among
117 beetle families in Australia.
Th is volume provides a general introduction to the Australian Cerambycidae with
sections on biology, phylogeny and morphology of adult and larvae, followed by the keys
to the subfamilies and an overview of the 74 genera of the subfamily Lamiinae occurring
in Australia. All Lamiinae genera are diagnosed, described and illustrated and an
illustrated key to their identifi cation is provided. A full listing of all included Australian
species with synonymies and bibliographic citations is also included.
Th ree new genera are proposed: Alice gen. nov. for Alice dekeyzeri sp. nov.;
Annemabel gen. nov. for Zygocera elongata Breuning, 1939, and Carteridion gen.
nov. for Carteridion wilsonensis sp. nov. Th ree genera: Australoleiopus Breuning,
1970, Temnolamia Breuning, 1961 and Tetroreopsis Breuning, 1940 are treated as
genera incertae sedis, and a further two, Elongatocontoderus Breuning, 1977 and
Pseudocalamobius Kraatz, 1879, probably do not occur in the Australian fauna.
Seventy-fi ve genera and 13 species (Appendix 1) are synonymised, and 165 new generic
combinations are proposed for the Australian species (Appendix 2). Twelve replacement
names are proposed for the junior secondary homonyms: Microlamia viridis Ślipiński
& Escalona, for Parapteridotelus norfolkensis Breuning, 1962; Rhytiphora callosa
Ślipiński & Escalona for Menyllus maculicornis Pascoe, 1864; R. confusa Ślipiński &
Escalona for Paradaxata spinosa Breuning, 1938; R. denisoniana Ślipiński & Escalona
for Hathliodes moratus Pascoe, 1866; R. elongatissima Ślipiński & Escalona for Prosoplus
elongata Breuning, 1938; R. molloiensis Ślipiński & Escalona for Prosoplus (Prosoplus)
demarzi Breuning, 1963; R. pascoei Ślipiński & Escalona for Penthea (Melanopenthea)
obscura Breuning, 1961; R. onychina Ślipiński & Escalona for Etaxalus marmoratus
Breuning, 1950a; Sybra arnhemensis Ślipiński & Escalona for Mimosybra continentalis
Breuning, 1961; S. gaindahensis Ślipiński & Escalona for Mimosybra uniformis Breuning,
1940; S. gressitti Ślipiński & Escalona for Sybra (Sybra) albovittata Breuning, 1943
and Temnosternus mosaicus Ślipiński & Escalona for Tuberothelais fl avolineatus
Breuning, 1963.
Neissa inconspicua Pascoe, 1866 is here designated as the type species of Neissa Pascoe,
1866. Sybra cinerascens Breuning, 1948 was described from the Tapapatauai Island and
has been wrongly recorded from Australia.
v
Acknowledgements
Th e Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), through its National Taxonomy
Research Grant Program (NTRGP), funded our research on the Australian
Cerambycidae which was undertaken with generous support from the CSIRO
Ecosystem Sciences. Th e Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF),
and the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) provided resources and help
towards publication of this volume. CSIRO Library services provided innumerable
references through interlibrary loans and attended to our requests with patience and
professionalism.
Th is book would have never been published in the present form without the help and
very generous support of Alice Wells (ABRS) who provided constant editorial support
and advice throughout the long period of completing the book. Alice critically read
and corrected the entire text, greatly improving the language and clarity of our writing.
She has been very understanding and resilient while carrying out the stressful duty of
pushing us to the fi nish line. Brigitte Kuchlmayr (ABRS) expertly designed and set up
the book, which is very much appreciated.
Th e critical help of many colleagues at CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences is gratefully
acknowledged, foremost that of Anne Hastings for her artwork, photographs and help
with graphics side of the book. Cate Lemann provided constant support in our day-to-
day work at ANIC and helped with hundreds of photographs of beetles, dissections and
keys to genera. John F. Lawrence critically read the morphology chapter, providing many
corrections and suggestions. Tom Weir and Kim Pullen tested the key to the genera and
shared their extensive knowledge on Australian beetles. Rolf Oberprieler has helped
with translations from German and Latin. Marianne Horak has supported us with her
friendship and stimulating discussions.
Andrew Calder during his tenure at CSIRO initiated studies on the Australian
Cerambycidae and his notes, draft checklists, databases, references and his curatorial
work in ANIC greatly facilitated our research.
We are very grateful to the following curators and their institutions for loan of critical
material for our study and for their support and assistance during our visits to their
collections: Derek Smith, Chris Reid (AM); Lee Herman (AMNH); David Kavanaugh,
Jere Schweikert (CAS); Max Barclay, Roger Booth (BMNH); Shepherd Myers (BPBM);
François Gernier (CMN); Patrice Bouchard (CNC); Peter Gillespie, Graham Goodyer,
Christine Stone (DARI); Eduard Vives (EVC); Dirk Ahrens (FAK); Ottó Merkl,
Aranka Grabant (HNHM); Phil Perkins (MCZ); Giulio Cuccodoro (MHNG);
Azadeh Taghavian (MNHN); Roberto Poggi, Maria Tavano (MSNG); Ken Walker (MV);
the late Michel Brancucci, Daniel Burckhardt, Eva Sprecher, Isabelle Zürcher (NHMB);
Bert Viklund (NRM); Gavin Dally (NTMD); Haidee Brown (NTDA); Justin Bartlett
(QDPIB); Geoff  Monteith, Geoff Th ompson (QMB); Alain Drumont (RBI); Peter Hudson
(SAM); Steve Lingafelter (USNM); Joahim Willers (ZMB); Ralph Peters (Zoologishes
Museum Hamburg).
Our heartfelt thanks go to our colleagues worldwide working on Cerambycidae:
Steven Lingafelter (USDA, USA) supported HE’s visit to the USNM through the
Smithsonian Institution grant and provided help and advice on the project; Petr Švácha
(Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic) generously shared his enormous
knowledge of longhorns including drafts of his chapters for the Handbook of Zoology;
Duane McKenna (University of Memphis, USA) shared his unpublished data on
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
molecular phylogeny of Cerambycidae; Eugenio Nearns (USDA, USA) assisted with
important references and contacts; Roger de Keyzer (Sydney) provided many important
specimens; Nathan Lord (University of New Mexico, USA) helped to test the keys.
Geoff Monteith, Federica Turco (QM), Nicole Gunter (CSIRO), Nadine Guthrie
(Department of Wildlife and Conservation, Wanneroo, WA), Sara Pinzon-Navarro
(CSIRO), Jack Hasenpush, Natalie Banks, David Rentz and Alberto Venchi helped in
many ways to collect Australian longhorn beetles in the fi eld. Geoff Monteith has been
instrumental to successful collecting of many critical Cerambycidae, always sharing
his enthusiasm and enormous knowledge of the Australian insects and their natural
histories. Penny Edwards and Max Whitten provided larvae, adults and interesting
observations on biology of native Prionine Cacodacnus planicollis Blackburn damaging
pine studs in a house in Maleny (Queensland).
Ben Boyd and Graham Teakle (DAFF Biosecurity — CSIRO Liaison Entomologists)
supplied specimens of Cerambycidae of quarantine concern and provided other
technical support. Mark Talbot and Rosemary White (CSIRO Plant Industry)
are sincerely acknowledged for their help, patience and training with the SEM.
Mark Hoddle, Steve Dreistadt, Cheryl Reynolds (University of California, Davis) helped
us to obtain pictures of Phoracantha damage.
We are very grateful to the following photographers for providing photographs of
living longhorn beetles: Kaisa and Stan Breeden; Peter Chew; Jack Kelly Clark (courtesy
University of California Statewide IPM Program); Tony Daley; Jack Hasenpusch;
Greg Harold; Jiří and Marie Lochman (Lochman Transparencies); Iain Macaulay;
Ron May; David Rentz; Pavel Svihra (courtesy University of California Statewide IPM
Program); Paul Zborowski (Close-Up Photolibrary) and Alberto Venchi.
Th e staff from the Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola, Maracay, Venezuela,
in particular Luis J. Joly, Vilma Savini, Jose Clavijo and John Lattke, are sincerely
acknowledged for their permanent support to HE.
We would like to acknowledge the world class Coleoptera collection at the Australian
National Insect Collection (CSIRO), build up over last 60 years by Ev Britton, John
Lawrence, Tom Weir, Murray Upton, Andrew Calder and other ANIC colleagues,
volunteers and amateurs. Th at superb and well-curated collection made this project
possible and feasible in the limited time that was available.
And fi nally, we would like to thank our families and loved ones (Ślipiński, Escalona,
Garcia and Banks) for understanding our passion for beetles, and for their gracious
support and patience during the years it took to produce this book.
vii
Material and methods
Material studied. Our research is based on the study of about 12,000 specimens of
more than 1,250 described and undescribed species of Australian Cerambycidae during
the past four years. In addition, specimens representing most of the genera, tribes and
subfamilies of the Australo-Pacifi c region and Asia, as well as other regions of the world,
were examined for comparative purposes. Almost all of the necessary types of Australian
Cerambycidae species were examined and, usually, photographed (Appendix 3); this
resulted in several new generic placements and synonymies.
Th e following abbreviations and acronyms are used for the names of the institutions
where the specimens used in the project are held:
AM Australian Museum, Sydney
AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York
ANIC Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra
CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco
BMNH Natural History Museum, London
BPBM Bishop Museum, Honolulu
CMN Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa
CNC Canadian National Insect Collection, Ottawa
DARI Insect Collection, New South Wales Department of Agriculture, Orange
EVC Eduard Vives Collection, Barcelona
FAK Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn
HNHM Hungarian Natural History Museum
MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts
MHNG Muséum ďhistoire Naturelle, Genève
MNHN Muséum National ďhistoire Naturelle, Paris
MSNG Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, Genova
MV Museum Victoria, Melbourne
NHMB Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel
NRM Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm
NTMD Northern Territory Museum and Art Gallery, Darwin
NTDA Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries,
Darwin
QDPIB Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane
QMB Queensland Museum, including University of Queensland Insect
Collection, Brisbane
RBI Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels
SAM South Australian Museum, Adelaide
USNM United States National Museum, Washington DC
ZMB Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin
viii
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Photographs. Th e photographs of the whole beetles and larger details were executed
as layers on a BK Plus Lab System (Visionary Digital, USA) and subsequently combined
using stacking software, Auto-Montage version 4.00 (Syncroscopy), Zerene Stacker
(Zerene Systems LLC) or Helicon Focus (Helicon Soft). Some structural illustrations of
adults and larvae were made from dissected specimens using a Leica MZ20 microscope
with various attached digital cameras. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images
were generated with a Zeiss Evo LS 15 (CSIRO) from gold coated specimens, previously
softened and dissected, cleaned in cold 10% KOH and rinsed in water and 95% ethanol.
Measurements. In generic and species descriptions, several specimens of extreme
size and variations were measured using a micrometer attached to a dissecting
microscope, always including the largest and the smallest available ones. Th e number
presented is the mean number, or range of these measurements.
In the Lamiinae keys and descriptions we have used standard measurements and
indices. Th e length was measured dorsally along the midline from the most anterior
point of the head to the apex of the elytra, and compared to the maximum width
across the broadest part of the body, usually the elytra. Th e frontoclypeus was always
measured in frontal view, from the middle of antennal tubercles to the clypeus apex
(excluding membranous anteclypeus) and compared to the narrowest distance between
eyes. Th e interocular index was calculated as the minimum distance between the inner
eye orbits compared to the width of an eye at the same level. Th e pronotal length was
measured from the middle of the anterior margin to the margin of basal foramen and
compared to the maximum width of the pronotum. Th e length of the prosternum was
measured as shortest distance between anterior margin of the prosternum and the
procoxal cavity and compared to the length of the coxal cavity along the same line.
Th e lengths of meso- and metaventrites were measured along the midlines.
Terminology used for adult and larval beetle morphology follow most recent
treatments of Coleoptera by Lawrence et al. (2011) and of Australian Beetles by
Lawrence and Ślipiński (in press).
Dissections. In order to examine characters that might be used for generic diagnoses
and for further phylogenetic analysis in the Australian Cerambycidae, at least two adults
of one species (male and female) of each genus, were cleared in cold 10% KOH solution,
disarticulated and placed in glycerol in containers or on slides for further examination
and photographs; sclerotised but membranous and transparent tissues were stained
with Chlorazol Black to generate contrast. After completing the examinations these
specimens were transferred to standard vials with ethanol for permanent storage in the
ANIC wet collection.
Taxonomic conventions. A diagnosis and complete description is presented for
each of the genera known to occur in Australia. Th e diagnosis is a summary of critical
character states of the adult longhorn beetle that should be checked, without going into
a lengthy description, once a specimen has been successfully keyed out in the generic
key. Identifi ed beetle should possess all or most of the mentioned character states.
Under “Remarks” there is always a statement about genera that are very similar that
could be confused with the genus in question, and also a list of the critical distinguishing
features. Extensive use was made of the DELTA software (Dallwitz et al. 2000).
Th e initial data matrix used in the generic descriptions was produced directly from the
DELTA fi les using DELTA editor and was modifi ed subsequently in a word processor.
ix