Australian freshwater Mollusca: conservation priorities and indicator species

6 Pages·1994·1.3 MB·

by  W F Ponder

AUSTRALIAN FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA:
CONSERVATION PRIORITIES AND INDICATOR SPECIES
W.F. PONDER
Ponder, W.F. 1994 06 30: Australian freshwater mollusca: conservation priorities and
indicator species. Memoirs ofthe Queensland Museum 36(1): 191-196. Brisbane. ISSN
0079-8835.
Many Australian freshwater invertebrates are widespread but two types of freshwater
systemshave significant, locallyendemic, mvencbrne lianas, springs associatedwiththe
Cireat Artesian Basin, and long-term permanent stream^ in the Coastal drainages pf St*
AustraliaandTasmania, Hydrobiidgastropodsarecharacteristicofthesehabitatsandmunv
species occupy very restricted distributions and thus arc not amenable to a strictly hahnal-
based conservation strategy. Hydrobiidfi appear to be useful indicators of lone-term per-
manent streams and might aid in the identification of areas where other freshwater
inverlebrales with poordispersal powers have spectated. Much of the known diversity in
hydrobiid snails [S IB areas afforded Utile Of no protection. Changes to (and management
practices are required to ensure their survival. ^Conservation, bfadiwr&ijy, indicator
species,freshwater, invertebrates, MoUusea, Ifydrobiidae, Australia
W.F. Ponder, invertebrate Division, Australian Museum. PO Box A2S5. Sydney South,
N.S.W. 2000, Australia; 3December 1993
Although there have been more documented including speeiulion, can occur within discon
extincttonsofnon-marine molluscsthanofmam- tinuoushabitats a few kilometres in extent,even
mals and birds combined (Groombridge, 1992), in areas of high rainfall such as at Wilsons
this circumstance has not been foremost in the Prornontorv in southern Australia (Ponder &
conservationdebate(Wells, 1986;Ponder, 1992). Colgan. 1992; Colgan & Ponder. 1994).
Of extinct molluscs listed, 22'# are freshw Locally restricted species can undergo rapid
species, mostly from the USA. Freshwaier mol- extinction following habitat destruction (e.g. the
luscs, however, arc severely threatened in many land snail genus Achat'tnella in Hawaii [Had-
parts ofthe world. Clarke (1970) estimated that tield, 1986; Solem, 1990]) or following the in
about half of the species in the USA was either troduction of new predators (e.g. Clarke et al.,
closetoextinction orextinct. The next editionof 1984). In all, it is clear that highly restricted
the WCN Red List will include 285 extinct land populations are generally more vulnerable thin
and freshwaier molluscs, compared with 191 in widespread Iuxik Small streams and springs »n
the 1990edition. SE Australia are under threat from activities
Australia lacks the obvious, spectacular radia- including agriculture, forestry and damming. In
tions offreshwater faunas seen, for example, in many areas, [here arc hydrobiid species (aitd
the Mekong River (Brandt, 1974; Davis, 1979), perhapsotheraquaticinvertebrates)thatare very
the Americas (Rurch, 1975, 19K2) and in some limited in distribution but are presently not
ancient lakes (Boss, 1978). So, is thereaprohlem recognised as restricted because they are mi
documentedand/orunnamed. During fieldwork,
with the conservation of our freshwater mol-
many situations have been observed white
luscs?Non-marine molluscs are often vulnerable
to habitat destruction or disturbance: many have aspsemcailels,alroecaslodreevsetrliocptmedenitn t(hee.gi.rfraarngmedsatmh)atceovuelnd
very restricted distributions, for example,
have a serious impact or even conlribute to ihe
camaenid land snails(e.g. Solem, 1988). Similar-
species' extinction,
ly, some species ofaquatic mollusc—s, especially
hydrobiidsnails,arcveryrestricted speciesare
LOCALISEDSPECIATION
often found only in one spring or a few closely
adjacent ones, notably in arid environments (e.g.
in the Americas [Hershler, 1985, Hershler & Invertebrates with poor dispersal capabilities
Sada, 1987] and Australia |sec below]). In restrictedtopermanent, isohiiedaqtuilichabitats,
hydrobiids, marked local genetic differentiation, sometimes speciate readily. In many parts of
102 MLMOlkS OF THEQUEENSLANDMUSEUM
Australia such permanentwaters are uncommon during aridity induced by Ihe last glacialion. De
but often contain unusual, endemic invertebrate Deckker (1986) argued the Australian aquatic
faunas.Investigationsonthemostspeciosegroup fauna was adapted to an environment requiring
of freshwater snails (Hydrohiidae) revealed an good dispersal mechanisms. Some long-term
unexpectedly large fauna of local endemics in waier bodies such as artesian sptings, however,
southeastern Australia, Tasmania (Ponderet al., providedrefuges foranimalswithpoordispersal
1993), Lord Howe Island (Ponder, 1982) and in capability and noeffective desiccation-resistant
artesian springs in northern South Australia and stage in their life cycles. It follows that such
western Queensland (see below) Many s—pecies animals can be used to identify the waterbodies
are confined to very restricted habitat* for that contained permanent water throughout
example, a single watershed, u lew (or even much ofthe Pleistocene and Holocene.
single) Springs CM a single, small coastal creek. Australian frcshwaier invenebrates that are
More than 90 Australian hydrobiid taxa will be pooj disperscrs and lack the ability to withstand
includedmtheneweditionofiheWCNRedIUt. even short term desiccation at any stage oftheir
none having been listed previously (IUCN Con- life cycle include some flatworms. amphipod
servation Monitoring Centre, 19&8*. and many and isopod crustaceans and hydrobiids. Such
othersare still unnamed. animals tend to be (with some exceptions) as-
Ilisalmostimpossiblelomakeinformedjudge- sociated with long-term permanent aquatic
ments about the taxonomy, speciation patterns habitats and could be used as indicators of such
and management ofthese localised populations habitats. Because such habit.its have bodl in
:n population genetics (sec Daniel], existence for long periods of time, and because
994), Consequently aprogram wascommenced theyareoftenisolated fromout anothtf,theyare
1
With L>r D L Colgan, to investigate the basic much more likely to contain endemic spC
ic structure of hydrobiid populations in than more ephemeral bodies ofwater.
three locations with different habitat types: Wil-
sons Promontory (Victoria) and tin atiosian CONSERVATION OF INVERTEBRATES
springs of Lake Eyie (South Australia) and Dal- WITHLIMITEDRANGES
housk (see Colgan & Ponder, 1994). The latter 1
twospring systemsexhibit verydifferent histori-
cal,limnologiealandtopographiccharacter! Discussion on conservation of Australia's
Among 75 Wilsons Promontory hydrobiid aquatic fauna ta* largclj focusedoovertebnies
populations examined, four gen&tiCdll) distinct, (e.g. Michaclis. 198b). Although many inver-
sympatric species in an areaonly 15km inmaxi- tebrates will be incidentally catered for in the
murn extent were identified U$j|tg allo/yme rvca created with other conservation aims
electrophoresis tPonderet ah. 1994b; Colgan & leg scenery, trees or vertebrates), additional
Ponder, 1994).Withon*exception, hevc species measuresare required forinvertebrate conserva-
were morphologically indistinguishiable Obser- tion (Wells, I9S6: Solem. 1990;Yen & Butcher.
vations based on morphology alone indicate that I992i Small patches of forest can provide im
considerable speeiation has occurred in other portanl habitats formolluscsandotherbiota(e.g.
areas of SE Australia and Tasmania (Ponder ct BcHichet. 1990; Mcave et al., 1991). including
al., 1993) and the discovery of ninny cryptic small vertebrates such as frogs, although
species islikelyusing genetic techniques. generally inadequate forlargervertebrates, Such
There is evidence that extinctions (probably hahitats do not have to be formal reserves. A
many) have occurred throughout SI: Australia, change in land care culture would make a big
primarily dueto hand clearing Foi agriculture and difference if remnant forested gullies, for ex
lowns. However* in areas where even small ample, are treated as an asset. Maintenance ol
patches nf original vegetation have been main- stream-side vegetation not only helps protect
tained aro—und water sources, faunas have often aquatic and terrestrial habitats bm maintain*
persisted an indication thatthere issome hope waterquality and prevents erosion.
oflong termsurvivalwithminimalmanagement Resource utilization by humans is a common
cause of habitat destruction and the conflicts
INDICATOR SPECIES arising bom such use arc major impediments in
IDENTIFYING AREAS OFENDEMISM land conservation. 1 will now bnelly outline
examples from two vciy different fieshwatci
ecosystems to illustrate the fragility of these
Many of Australia's lakes and nvers dried environmentsjuulprohlfmsaiising fromDill
.
m
CONSERVATION OFAUSTRALIAN FRESHWATERMOLLUSCS
lionoftheirresources hydrobiidpopulationshaveshownthatthelevels
ofgene flow fretweenspringsareactuallyhigher
SPRINGS OF THEGREAT thanbetweensmallstreamsonWilsonsPromon
ARTESIANBASIN lory in moist, temperate south eastern Victoria
&
(Colgan Ponder, 1994). Thismightbelargely
due to differences in the accessibility of these
Access lo artesian water is considered a fun- habitats to birds, which act asprimary dispersal
damental right for anyone willing arid lands in agents (PonderetaL, 1994b).
Australia. However,artesian wateris aJsoessen- Theheavy usageofartesianwateroverthelast
tia! to the continued existence of more than 40 hundredyearshascausedtheextinctionofmany
species of aquatic invertebrates thai live in un springs (Ponder, 1986) and, with them, their
usual and biologicallyunique natural springs. aquatic biota. Nearly all artesian springs in NW
Artesian springsin aridareasaroundthe world New South Wales arc now dry as arc many in
contain relietual andendemicbiota—(Cole, 1968). Queensland,particularlyinthewestern,northern
The Great Artesian B—asin (GAB) 22% ofthe and southern parts of the basin. In some areas,
area of Australia has numerous artesian thefewremainingspringsarcsoreducedin flow
s1p9r8i6n;gsZeoindlietrs f&riPnogensde(rs.ee1o9v89e;rvBioeywds,bv19P9o0n)daenrd, tsheeqyueanrtelyh,igthhleyevxutlinnecrtaibolnestoofstthoecfkaduanmaatghee.yCcfoinn-
are the only natural sources of permanent water tain appearto be inevitable.
in this mainly arid area. While the South Legislated protection of all spring groups
Australian springs have gained some attenhmi knowntocontainendemicfaunasisessentialand
from conservationists (see Harris, 1981, 1993). overdue. This action, however, must also be
other important springs in western Queensland coupledwiUi propermanagementandconserva-
(Ponder, 1986;Ponder& Clark, 1990)havebe—en tion of artesian water ifthe springs arc to con-
largely ignored. Many of the G—AB springs tinue to exist and their endemic biota SU
often called %mound springs' contain rare
flora.endemicfishesand invertebrates(Mitchell. WESTERN TASMANIA
1985; Ponder, 1985, 1986). Many ofthem, how-
ever, haveceased to flow in the Lastone hundred
yearsbecauseofwaterextractionfromtheBasin, One might assume that a very wet area
and most of the remaining springs are under provides an environment conducive to the dis-
threat. Only one spring group in South Australia persal of freshwater invertebrates, This is n#l
and one very minor group in Queensland are necessarily a correct conclusion. In the larger
protected. The remainderareon pastoral land. rivers ofwesu-m Tasmania, up to 80-90 niacin
The hydrobiid snails are the most speciosc in- invertebrate taxa can be expected i—n the riffle
GAB &
vertebrates of springs with three separate zones (Richardson Swain, 1978) and this
radiations in mainly endemic genera. Twoarc in figure is simitarto those found inrivers in Vic-
SouthAustralia onenearLakeEyre(lwoten toriaami inotherpartsofTasmania Some n
(Ponder et aL 1989), the other in DaJhousie tebratc groups (summary in Ponder et al„
Springs(PoivdeT, 1989); and a third is in western 1994a), such as insects, crusuoeans find mol-
Queensland (Ponder, 1986; Ponder & Clark. luscs are well known and alsoshow highlevels
1990). Other interesting, relict endemic biver- ofeiidemisin (Williams, 1974; Campbell, 1981:
tcbratcs include a macrostomid flatworm and Ponderctal.. 1994a).
ostiacod, isopod and amphipod crustaceans (see Aquatic mollusc* have generally been
Ponder. 1986lorsummary).Theendemicgenera- regarded as a minor, uncummon component of
even subfamilies, in some groups of artesian the fauna (e.g. Malcolm, 1987; Chileott, 1987).
springs suggest that they arc relicts of a now Recent studies, however, show that many
mostlyextinct, early Pleistocene orlate Tertiary speciesofsnails ofthe world-wide Hydrobiidac
inlandfreshwaterfauna(Ponder, I9S6; De Deck are found in Tasmanian lotic systems and, Ot
kcr, 1986)orpossibly an older faunaassociated casionally they are locally very abundant <
withartesian springsofthe Tertian Coleman. 1978). Many, perhaps unexpectedly.
Biological information, including data on : iestneteddistributions(Ponderetal., 1993)
population genetics, is needed to provide a basis and tome species are apparently restricted to
Formanagement. Eventhoughthesesmallsprings single streams or springs.
arc often widely sepaiatcd by arid countryside, Species in most other Tasmanian freshwater
preliminary studies on the genetic stiucm- mollusc families also have wide distributions
iy4 MEMOIRSOFTHEQUEENSLANDMUSEUM
(Smith & Kershaw. 1981) but there are 4 few ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
exceptions.These includeanunnamed lymnaeid
gastropod so farfound only in the lowersection This work has been funded by grants from
of the FrankJin River. (Had it not been for the ARC. ABRS, aWnd ihe Endangered Species Pro-
successful campaign to prevent t—he damming of gram f thank Zeidler, D. Colgan, G. Clark.
the FrankJin River this speci—es and several A. Miller, J. Waterhouse, A. Toluzzi, P. Egglei
locally restricted bydrobiids would now un- and T. Terzis for their help with the various
doubtedly be extinct). The large limpet-ILkc projectsbrieflysummarisedinthispaperandDr.
planorbid, Ancylastrum, is listed as endangered P. Bouchet and Dr. D, Bickel forcomments on
(Michaelis, 1986) and occurs in a few lakes in the manuscript.
central Tasmania where it is severely threatened
byhydro-electricdevelopmentsandpredatiiwby LITERATURECITED
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