Austral Ark the state of wildlife in Australia and New Zealand PDF
Preview Austral Ark the state of wildlife in Australia and New Zealand
Austral Ark The State of Wildlife in Australia and New Zealand AustraliaandNewZealandarehometoaremarkableanduniqueassemblageoffloraand fauna.Sadly,byvirtueoftheirlongisolationandanaïveandvulnerablebiota,both countrieshavesufferedsubstantiallossestobiodiversitysinceEuropeancontact. Bringingtogetherthecontributionsofleadingconservationbiologists,AustralArk presentsthespecialfeaturesandhistoricalcontextofAustralbiota,andexplainswhat is being conserved and why. The threatening processes occurring worldwide are discussed, along with the unique conservation problems faced at regional level. At thesametime,thebookhighlightsmanyexamplesofconservationsuccessresulting fromtheinnovativesolutionsthathavebeendevelopedtosafeguardnativespecies andhabitatsinbothAustraliaandNewZealand. Austral Arkfills animportant gap regardingwildlife gainsand declines,and how besttotakeconservationforwardtokeepthisextraordinaryareaoftheworldthriving. Adam Stow is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at MacquarieUniversityinAustralia.Hisresearchfocussesonthreebroadthemes:con- servation genetics, evolutionary processes and molecular ecology. He is Head of the ConservationGeneticsGroupwhichcarriesoutresearchonanimals,bothvertebrate and invertebrate, in both marine and terrestrial environments. He is a nominated scientific experttothe stateand federal governmentsfor sharkconservation andan academiceditorfortheopenaccessscientificjournalPLoSONE.Regardedasatalented sciencecommunicator,hepromoteswildlifeconservationtoarangeofaudiences. NormanMacleanisEmeritusProfessorofGeneticsatSouthamptonUniversity.Heis theMolecularEditorofJournalofFishBiology,hasauthoredandeditedadozenbooks on genetics and has published about 150 papers. He is a member of RSPB, BTO, Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust and Southampton Natural History Society, and has studied wildlife (as an amateur) in over 50 countries. In 2010 he edited Silent Summer: The State of Wildlife in Britain and Ireland, published by CambridgeUniversityPress. Gregory I. Holwell is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Biological Sciences at the UniversityofAuckland.Hisresearchfocusesonthebehaviour,ecology,evolutionand conservation of insects and other invertebrates throughout Australia, New Zealand and South East Asia. Much of his research has centred on praying mantises, most recentlyinvestigatingtheimpactofaninvasiveSouthAfricanprayingmantisonNew Zealand’s only native mantis. He is a passionate naturalist and advocate for the conservationofourlittle-knowninvertebratefauna. Austral Ark The State of Wildlife in Australia and New Zealand Editedby Adam Stow MacquarieUniversity,Ryde,Sydney,Australia Norman Maclean UniversityofSouthampton,U.K. Gregory I. Holwell UniversityofAuckland,NewZealand UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107033542 ©CambridgeUniversityPress,2015 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2015 PrintedinSingaporebyC.O.SPrintersPteLtd AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Australark:thestateofwildlifeinAustraliaandNewZealand/editedbyAdam Stow,MacquarieUniversity,Ryde,Sydney,Australia,NormanMaclean,University ofSouthampton,U.K.,GregoryI.Holwell,UniversityofAuckland,NewZealand. pages cm Includesindex. ISBN978-1-107-03354-2 1. Wildlifeconservation–Australia. 2. Wildlifeconservation–NewZealand. 3. Biodiversity–Australia. 4. Biodiversity–NewZealand. 5. Endangeredspecies–Australia. 6. Endangeredspecies–NewZealand. I. Stow,Adam,1971–editorofcompilation. II. Maclean,Norman,1932-editorofcompilation. III. Holwell,GregoryI.,editorof compilation. IV. Title:StateofwildlifeinAustraliaandNewZealand. QL84.7.A1A86 2014 333.95′40993–dc23 2014013701 ISBN978-1-107-03354-2Hardback Additionalresourcesforthispublicationatwww.cambridge.org/9781107033542 CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS Listofcontributors vii ForewordbyProfessorTimFlannery xiii Introduction xv 1. Aseparatecreation:diversity,distinctivenessandconservationofAustralian wildlife 1 DavidA.Nipperess 2. NewZealand–alandapart 24 WilliamG.LeeandDaphneE.Lee 3. TheecologicalconsequencesofhabitatlossandfragmentationinNewZealand andAustralia 45 PoppyLakemanFraser,RobertM.EwersandSaulCunningham 4. TheimpactsofclimatechangeonAustralianandNewZealandfloraandfauna 65 AbigailCabrelli,LindaBeaumontandLesleyHughes 5. Unwelcomeandunpredictable:thesorrysagaofcanetoadsinAustralia 83 RichardShineandBenjaminL.Phillips 6. InvasiveplantsandinvadedecosystemsinAustralia:implicationsfor biodiversity 105 RachaelV.GallagherandMichelleR.Leishman 7. EnvironmentalweedsinNewZealand:impactsandmanagement 134 MargaretC.StanleyandImogenE.Bassett 8. Theinsidiousthreatofinvasiveinvertebrates 162 DarrenF.Ward 9. Pollutionbyantibioticsandresistancegenes:disseminationintoAustralian wildlife 186 MichaelGillings 10. InvasivevertebratesinAustraliaandNewZealand 197 CherylR.Krull,JosieA.Galbraith,AlS.GlenandHelenW.Nathan 11. FreshwatersinNewZealand 227 MikeJ.Joy 12. Agardenattheedgeoftheworld;thediversityandconservationstatus oftheNewZealandflora 240 CarlosA.Lehnebach 13. TheevolutionaryhistoryoftheAustralianfloraanditsrelevancetobiodiversity conservation 259 MaurizioRossetto 14. Protectingthesmallmajority:insectconservationinAustraliaandNewZealand 278 GregoryI.HolwellandNigelR.Andrew 15. Terrestrialmammaldiversity,conservationandmanagementinAustralia 298 MarkD.B.EldridgeandCatherineA.Herbert 16. Marinemammals,backfromthebrink?Contemporaryconservationissues 322 RobertHarcourt,HeleneMarsh,DavidSlip,LouiseChilvers,MikeNoad andRebeccaDunlop 17. Australianreptilesandtheirconservation 354 JonathanK.Webb,PeterS.HarlowandDavidA.Pike v vi Contents 18. NewZealandreptilesandtheirconservation 382 NicolaJ.Nelson,RodHitchmoughandJoM.Monks 19. Isolation,invasionandinnovation:forcesofchangeintheconservation ofNewZealandbirds 405 SarahWithers 20. Australianbirds:currentstatusandfutureprospects 422 StephenT.Garnett,JuditK.SzaboandDonaldC.Franklin 21. Australamphibians–Gondwananrelictsinperil 440 Jean-MarcHero,J.DaleRoberts,ConradJ.Hoskin,KatrinLowe, EdwardJ.NarayanandPhillipJ.Bishop 22. Predatorsindanger:sharkconservationandmanagementinAustralia, NewZealandandtheirneighbours 467 PaoloMomigliano,VanessaFloraJaitehandConradSpeed 23. ‘Raggedmountainranges,droughtsandfloodingrains’:theevolutionaryhistoryand conservationofAustralianfreshwaterfishes 492 LeanneFaulks,DeanGilliganandLucianoB.Beheregaray 24. DownunderDownUnder:Australgroundwaterlife 512 GrantC.Hose,MariaG.Asmyhr,StevenJ.B.CooperandWilliamF.Humphreys 25. FireandbiodiversityinAustralia 537 John C. Z. Woinarski, Allan H. Burbidge, Sarah Comer, Dan Harley, Sarah Legge, DavidB.LindenmayerandThalieB.Partridge 26. TerrestrialprotectedareasofAustralia 560 IanD.Craigie,AlanaGrech,RobertL.Pressey,VanessaM.Adams,MarcHockings, MartinTaylorandMeganBarnes 27. Australianmarineprotectedareas 582 AlanaGrech,GrahamJ.Edgar,PeterFairweather,RobertL.Pressey andTrevorJ.Ward 28. MarinereservesinNewZealand:ecologicalresponsestoprotection andnetworkdesign 600 NickShearsandHannahL.Thomas 29. Conclusion:conservationonboardAustralArkneedsallhandsondeck 624 AdamStow Index 628 Colourplatesectionlocatedatendofbook. CONTRIBUTORS Vanessa M. Adams Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles DarwinUniversity,Darwin,NT0909,AustraliaandAustralianResearchCouncilCentre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia NigelR.Andrew CentreforBehaviouralandPhysiologicalEcology,Zoology,University ofNewEngland,Armidale,NSW,Australia,2351 Maria G. Asmyhr Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, NSW, Australia,2109 Megan Barnes University of Queensland, Environmental Decisions Group, St Lucia, QLD,Australia,4072 ImogenE.BassettCentreforBiodiversityandBiosecuritySchoolofBiologicalSciences, TâmakiCampus,TheUniversityofAuckland,PrivateBag92019,AucklandMailCentre, Auckland, New Zealand, 1142. Currently Auckland Council, Private Bag 92300, Auckland1142. Linda J. Beaumont Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, North Ryde,NSW,Australia,2109 LucianoB.BeheregarayFlindersUniversity,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,AdelaideSA, Australia,5001 PhillipJ.BishopDepartmentofZoology,UniversityofOtago,P.O.Box56,Dunedin, NewZealand,9054 Allan H. Burbidge Department of Parks and Wildlife, Wildlife Place, Woodvale WA, Australia,6026 AbigailCabrelliMacquarieUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,NorthRyde, NSW,Australia,2109 LouiseChilvers Institute ofVet, AnimalandBiomedical Sciences,MasseyUniversity, PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand,4410 Sarah Comer Department of Parks and Wildlife, South Coast Region, 120 Albany Highway,Albany,WA,Australia,6330 StevenJ.B.CooperAustralianCentreforEvolutionaryBiologyandBiodiversity,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia and Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide,SA,Australia,5000 IanD.CraigieAustralianResearchCouncilCentreofExcellenceforCoralReefStudies, JamesCookUniversity,Townsville,QLD,Australia,4811 Saul Cunningham, CSIRO, Black Mountain laboratories, Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, Australia,2601 vii viii Listofcontributors Rebecca Dunlop Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science,UniversityofQueensland,Qld,Australia,4343 Graham J. Edgar University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, HOBART TAS, Nubeena Crescent,TaroonaSandyBay,Australia,7001 MarkD.B.Eldridge Terrestrial Vertebrates, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney,NewSouthWales,Australia,2010 RobertM.EwersImperialCollegeLondon,SilwoodParkCampus,AscotSL57PY,UK PeterFairweatherFlinders University, SturtRoad,BedfordPark,SouthAustralia,5042 Leanne Faulks Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, UppsalaUniversity,Norbyvägen18D,75236Uppsala,Sweden DonaldC.FranklinCharlesDarwinUniversity,DarwinNT,Australia,0909 PoppyLakemanFraserImperialCollegeLondon,SilwoodParkCampus,AscotSL57PY, UK JosieA.GalbraithCentreforBiodiversityandBiosecuritySchoolofBiologicalSciences, TâmakiCampus,TheUniversityofAucklandPrivateBag,92019,AucklandMailCentre, Auckland,NewZealand,1142 RachaelV.GallagherDepartmentofBiologicalSciences,MacquarieUniversity,North Ryde,NSW,Australia,2109 StephenT.GarnettCharlesDarwinUniversity,DarwinNT,Australia,0909 DeanGilliganFisheriesandEcosystemsResearch,Industry&InvestmentNSW,Level1 BraysythBuilding,CnrBeachRd&OrientSt,P.O.Box17,BatemansBayNSW,Australia, 2536 Michael Gillings Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW,Australia,2109 AlS.GlenLandcareResearchP.O.Box69040,Lincoln,NewZealand,7640 Alana Grech Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University, Building E7A Room 602 & 603, HerringRoad,NorthRyde,NSW,Australia,2109 Robert Harcourt Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW,Australia,2109 Dan Harley Threatened Species Biologist, Healesville Sanctuary, P.O. Box 248, Healesville,Victoria,Australia,3777 Peter S. Harlow Herpetofauna Division, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman,NSW,Australia,2088 Catherine A. Herbert Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown,NewSouthWales,Australia,2006 Jean-Marc Hero Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment, GriffithUniversity,GoldCoastCampus,QLD,Australia,4222
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