Austenitic TRIP/TWIP Steels and Steel-Zirconia Composites: Design of Tough, Transformation-Strengthened Composites and Structures

841 Pages·2020·49.65 MB·English

by  Horst Biermann, Christos G. Aneziris

Springer Series in Materials Science 298
Horst Biermann
Christos G. Aneziris   Editors
Austenitic TRIP/
TWIP Steels and
Steel-Zirconia
Composites
Design of Tough,
Transformation-Strengthened
Composites and Structures
Springer Series in Materials Science
Volume 298
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Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
ChennupatiJagadish,ResearchSchoolofPhysical,AustralianNationalUniversity,
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Yoshiyuki Kawazoe, Center for Computational Materials, Tohoku University,
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Jamie Kruzic, School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering,
UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Richard M. Osgood, Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University,
New York, USA
Jürgen Parisi, Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
Udo W. Pohl, Institute of Solid State Physics, Technical University of Berlin,
Berlin, Germany
Tae-Yeon Seong, Department of Materials Science & Engineering,
Korea University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
Shin-ichi Uchida, Electronics and Manufacturing, National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Zhiming M. Wang, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences - Electronic,
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Horst Biermann Christos G. Aneziris
(cid:129)
Editors
Austenitic TRIP/TWIP Steels
and Steel-Zirconia
Composites
Design of Tough,
Transformation-Strengthened
Composites and Structures
Editors
HorstBiermann Christos G.Aneziris
Institut für Werkstofftechnik Institut für Keramik, Glas- und
TU Bergakademie Freiberg Baustofftechnik
Freiberg, Sachsen,Germany TU Bergakademie Freiberg
Freiberg, Sachsen,Germany
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Preface
The fundamental development of new materials is an essential basis for scientific
knowledge and economic success. This awareness motivates research into
forward-lookingtechnologiesfortheproductionofresource-savingmaterials.New
material properties, such as those made possible by composite materials, are of
centralimportancefornew,durableproductsandsafetycomponents,particularlyin
the areas of mobility and mechanical engineering. This motivates the vision of the
marriageofmodernhigh-performancesteelsofthehigheststrengthandformability
with damage-tolerant ceramics as a prime example of innovative manufacturing
technologies for a new class of high-performance composites.
Inconcreteterms,thisbookaimstocombinenewhigh-alloyTRIPsteels(TRIP:
TRansformation-Induced Plasticity) with zirconium dioxide ceramics on powder
metallurgical routes and via melt infiltration to form new composite materials, the
“TRIP-Matrix Composites”. Groundbreaking new processes are used, such as the
productionandcombinationofmetalloceramicpaper,hollowandsolidspheresand
filigree honeycomb bodies, which enable excellent formability and a largely free
geometric design of lightweight components for mobility applications.
This book is the final publication of the Collaborative Research Centre (SFB
799) “TRIP-Matrix Composite—Design of tough, transformation-reinforced com-
posites based on Fe and ZrO ”. The Collaborative Research Centre funded by the
2
German Research Foundation (DFG) ran from 2008 to 2020 at the Technische
Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany. The chapters contained in this book
provide an overview of the most important results of the projects of the
Collaborative Research Centre in the completed funding periods and at the same
time present current, in some cases still unpublished results.
The book is thematically divided into three sections, (i) the synthesis of
TRIP-Matrix Composites, (ii) the characterisation of the materials produced and
(iii)simulationandmodelling.Inthesethreesections,newandinnovativematerials
and their synthesis pathways were explored.
Powdermetallurgicalprocesseswereanimportantfocus ofseveralprojects,see
Chaps.1and5–9.Anessentialcontributiontotheproductionofthenewcomposite
materials is the development of new high-alloy austenitic stainless steels and steel
v
vi Preface
powders with excellent properties, which serve as matrix for the composite mate-
rials, as described in Chaps. 2 and 3, respectively. The melting metallurgical
marriage of the steels with ZrO presented in Chap. 4 also resulted in new effects
2
and promising approaches. Finally, the joining of composite materials was also
investigated, see Chap. 10.
The characterisation of the new composites and the steel alloys is described in
Chap. 11 with respect to the microstructure and in Chaps. 12–14 for the uniaxial,
quasi-static,dynamic,fracturemechanical,cyclicaswellasmulti-axialmechanical
properties. A special insight into the kinetics of the occurring deformation and
damagemechanismsisprovidedbythemethodsofinsituinvestigationofthenew
materials described in Chaps. 15 and 16. Corrosion research (Chap. 17) also plays
an important role for later applications.
An integral part of the description of the material properties are the projects for
modellingtheprocesses(Chap.18)andthethermodynamicsofthephasesinvolved
(Chap. 19), the coupled thermodynamic-mechanical modelling (Chap. 20) and the
continuummechanicalandmulti-scalemodellingofthebehaviourofZrO (Chap.21)
2
and of TRIP steels (Chap. 22), as well as the micromechanical simulations
(Chaps. 23 and 24). In these projects, new approaches for the description of
materials and processes were developed and applied to the materials produced in
the Collaborative Research Centre.
As speaker and deputy speaker, we would like to thank all current and former
members of the Collaborative Research Centre for their constant support. The
successfulworkwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthededicatedcooperationof
allscientistswhoworkedonorsupportedtheprojects.Wewouldalsoliketothank
other contributors, all technical and administrative staff as well as the countless
students for their outstanding cooperation.
Duetotheexcellentscientificwork,theCollaborativeResearchCentrehasbeen
abletoproducethebasisformanyscientificqualificationtheses,fromhabilitations
anddoctoratestostudenttheses.Inthisway,numerousscientificcareershavebeen
establishedover12yearsandmanygraduateshavebeenshapedscientifically.This
young talent work was also promoted within the framework of a graduate school,
which taught many soft skills in addition to professional qualifications.
Wewouldalsoliketothankthepublicrelationsteam,whichmadethescientific
results available to a broad public and thus made an important contribution to the
reputation of the Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg. This public
relationsworkhasalsointerestedmanystudentsinthespecialresearchareasofthe
Collaborative Research Centre and thus drawn their attention to the university’s
courses of study.
We would also like to highlight the support of the industrial board.
Our special thanks go to the German Research Foundation for the trust it has
placed in us and for funding (project number: 54473466), in particular to E.
Effertz, S. Isernhagen and R. Nickel from the Collaborative Research Centres
Department, F. Fischer, B. Jahnen and X. Molodova from the Materials Science
and Engineering Department and Mrs. Hammel and Mrs. C. Niebus from the
administration centre. We are also deeply indebted to all the experts who have
Preface vii
followed our work with interest as referees as well as to the members of the
Senate Committee of the German Research Foundation.
Finally,wewouldliketothankMrs.A.BeierandP.Michel,whoseworkinthe
office of the Collaborative Research Centre ensured the smooth running of all
financial aspects and the organisation of all events.
Freiberg, Germany Horst Biermann
Christos G. Aneziris
Contents
1 Ceramic Casting Technologies for Fine and Coarse Grained
TRIP-Matrix-Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Claudia Heuer, Marie Oppelt and Christos G. Aneziris
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Experimental Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Raw Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Sample Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3 Characterization of the Composite Materials . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.1 DevelopmentofTRIP-MatrixCompositesviaPowder
Metallurgy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.2 Development of TRIP-Matrix Composites via Metal
Melt Infiltration of Ceramic Preforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3.3 Development of Ceramic Matrix Composites
via Powder Metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.3.4 Development of Ceramic Components Using
Alternative Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2 Design of High Alloy Austenitic CrMnNi Steels Exhibiting
TRIP/TWIP Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Qiuliang Huang, Marco Wendler, Javad Mola, Andreas Weiß,
Lutz Krüger and Olena Volkova
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.2 Experimental Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3 Austenitic CrMnNi Cast Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3.1 Constitution and Special Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3.2 Initial Microstructures of 16-7-3/6/9 Steels. . . . . . . . . . 45
ix
x Contents
2.3.3 Mechanical Properties of 16-7-3/6/9 Steels. . . . . . . . . . 47
2.3.4 Conclusions for the 1st Generation Steels. . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.4 Austenitic CrMnNi–C–N Cast Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.4.1 Constitution and Special Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.4.2 Initial Cast Microstructures of the Steel Series . . . . . . . 52
2.4.3 Austenite $ a′-Martensite Transformation
Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.4.4 Mechanical Properties of Cr15NC10.X
Steel Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.4.5 Mechanical Properties of Cr19NC15.X
Steel Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4.6 Conclusions for the 2nd Generation Steels . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.5 Q&P Processing of Austenitic CrMnNi-C-N Cast Steels . . . . . . 61
2.5.1 Constitution and Special Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.5.2 Q&P Processing of Cr15NC12.16 Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.5.3 QDP Processing of Cr19NC14.16 Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.5.4 Conclusions for the 3rd Generation Steels . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3 TailoringofThermophysicalPropertiesofNewTRIP/TWIPSteel
Alloys to Optimize Gas Atomization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Iurii Korobeinikov, Humberto Chaves and Olena Volkova
3.1 Surface Tension and Density of the TRIP/TWIP Steels. . . . . . . 78
3.2 Control of Atomization by the Thermophysical Properties
of the Atomized Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2.1 InvestigationoftheEffectofSurfaceTensiononInert
Gas Atomization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.2.2 Effect of the Viscosity of Liquid Metal on the Inert
Gas Atomization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.3 Density of Nitrogen Alloyed Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.1 Development of Density Measurement Cell . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.2 Atomization of Nitrogen Alloyed Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.4 Analysis of Gas Atomization Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.4.1 Temperatures of the Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.4.2 Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.4.3 Velocity of the Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.4.4 New Geometry and a Set-Up for an Inert Gas
Atomization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111