Austenitic Steels at Low Temperatures

383 Pages·1983·11.941 MB·English

by  H. I. McHenry (auth.), R. P. Reed, T. Horiuchi (eds.)

Austenitic Steels at
Low Temperatures
CRYOGENIC MATERIALS SERIES
Nonmetallic Materials and Composites at Low Temperatures
Edited by A. F. Clark, R. P. Reed, and G. Hartwig
Filamentary A15 Superconductors
Edited by Masaki Suenaga and A. F. Clark
Nonmetallic Materials and Composites at Low Temperatures 2
Edited by GUnther Hartwig and David Evans
Austenitic Steels at Low Temperatures
Edited by R. P. Reed and T. Horiuchi
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon
actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
Austenitic Steels at
Low Temperatures
Edited by
R. P. Reed
National Bureau of Standards
Boulder, Colorado
and
T. Horiuchi
Kobe Steel, Ltd.
Kobe, Japan
PLENUM PRESS . NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Cryogenic Engineering Conference (1982: KObe-shi, Japan)
Austenitic steels at low temperatures.
(Cryogenic materials series)
"Proceeqings of the joint International Cryogenic Engineering Conference (ICEC)
and International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC), held May 11-14, 1982, in
Kobe, Japan"-Copyright p.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Austenitic steel-Thermal properties - Congresses. 2. metals at low temperatures
-Congresses. I. Reed, R. P. (Richard Palmer), 1934- . II. Horiuchi, T. III. Inter
national Cryogenic Materials Conference (1982: KObe-shi, Japan) IV. Title. V. Series.
TA479.A88I57 1982 620.1'7 83-9591
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3732-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3730-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3730-0
Proceedings of the joint International Cryogenic Engineering Conference
(ICEC) and International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC), held
May 11-14, 1982, in Kobe, Japan
©1983 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
1982
INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENIC MATERIALS
CONFERENCE BOARD
Office: National Bureau of Standards
Boulder, Colorado, USA
A. F. Clark, Chairman
National Bureau of Standards
Boulder, Colorado, USA
R. W. Boom
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
E. W. Collings
Battelle Memorial Institute
Columbus, Ohio, USA
D. Evans
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Oxfordshire, England
H. C. Freyhardt
Institute for Metal Physics
GOllingen, FRG
G. Hartwig
Institute for Technical Physics
Karlsruhe, FRG
T. Horiuchi
Kobe Steel, Ltd.
Kobe, Japan
J. W. Morris, Jr.
University of California
Berkeley, California, USA
R. P. Reed
National Bureau of Standards
Boulder, Colorado, USA
M. Suenaga
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, New York, USA
K. Tachikawa
National Research Institute for Metals
Tokyo, Japan
G. K. White
CSIRO National Measurement Laboratory
Sydney, Australia
K. A. Yushchenko
E. O. Paton Institute of Electro welding
Kiev, USSR
PREFACE
The need for alternate energy sources has led to the develop
ment of prototype fusion and MHD reactors. Both possible energy
systems in current designs usually require the use of magnetic
fields for plasma confinement and concentration. For the creation
and maintenance of large 5 to 15 tesla magnetic fields, supercon
ducting magnets appear more economical. But the high magnetic
fields create large forces, and the complexities of the conceptual
reactors create severe space restrictions. The combination of re
quirements, plus the desire to keep construction costs at a mini
mum, has created a need for stronger structural alloys for service
at liquid helium temperature (4 K). The complexity of the required
structures requires that these alloys be weldable. Furthermore,
since the plasma is influenced by magnetic fields and since magnet
ic forces from the use of ferromagnetic materials in many configur
ations may be additive, the best structural alloy for most applica
tions should be nonmagnetic.
These requirements have led to consideration of higher
strength austenitic steels. Strength increases at low temperatures
are achieved by the addition of nitrogen. The stability of the
austenitic structure is retained by adding manganese instead of
nickel, which is more expensive. Research to develop these higher
strength austenitic steels is in process, primarily in Japan and
the United States.
Recent sessions at the joint International Cryogenic Engineer
ing Conference (ICEC) and International Cryogenic Materials Confer
ence (ICMC) held in Kobe, Japan on May 10-15, 1982 reflect this
emphasis. Because of the large number of contributions to this
conference, the organizing committees had to impose severe limita
tions on the length of the papers for the proceedings. Seeing that
the topic of austenitic steel development has created much interest
this past year and that the contributions at the Kobe conference
were of unusually high quality, the ICMC decided to permit those
with contributions on austenitic steels to expand their papers for
this book in the Cryogenic Materials Series. In the course of
paper solicitation and review, a few papers on ferritic cryogenic
vii
viii PREFACE
alloys appeared. It was decided to accept these because of their
high quality.
We thank both the ICEC and ICMC Boards for providing a genuine
spirit of cooperation and an excellent atmosphere for the outstand
ing conference. their first joint venture. Particularly. we ex
press our sincere gratitude to Professor Oshima (ICEC. Technova.
Inc.) and Dr. Tachikawa (ICMC. National Research Institute for
Metals) for their contributions to the local arrangements.
Joint preparation of a book at the international level pre
sents new challenges. but we have been lucky and have enjoyed the
collaboration to prepare this book. We would like to express our
sincere appreciation to the authors for their excellent contribu
tions. We are greatly indebted to D. Bieber for assistance in
typing.
R. P. Reed
T. Horiuchi
CONTENTS
The Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel at
Cryogenic Temperatures
H. I. McHenry ••.•••••••••• 1
Development of Cryogenic Structural Materials for
Tokamak Reactor
K. Yoshida, H. Nakajima, K. Koizumi,
M. Shimada, Y. Sanada, Y. Takahashi,
E. Tada, H. Tsuji, and S. Shimamoto •••• 29
Martensitic Transformations in Fe-Cr-Ni Stainless
Steels
R. P. Reed •••••.••••••••••• 41
The Influence of Martensitic TransformaUon on
Strength and Plasticity of Fe-Cr-Ni Alloy Single
Crystals
V. Ya. Ilichev, L. V. Skibina, and
M. M. Chernik 69
Austenitic-Steel Elastic Constants
H. M. Ledbetter • • • • • • • 83
Temperature Dependence of Flow Strength of
Selected Austenitic Stainless Steels
R. P. Reed. R. L. Tobler, and J. W. Elmer •••••• 105
Cryogenic Properties of Austenitic Stainless
Steels for Superconducting Magnet
K. Nohara, T. Kato, T. Sasaki, S. Suzuki,
and Y. Ono •. . .....•..... 117
Factors Influencing the Low-Temperature Dependence
of Yielding in AISI 316 Stainless Steels
R. L. Tobler, D. H. Beekman, and R. P. Reed 135
Toughness and Fatigue Properties of Austenitic
Steels at Cryogenic Temperature and Their
Application in Complex Structures
H. Krauth and A. Nyilas ••••••••• 159
Automated Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth Rate
Testing of JBK-75 Stainless Steel at Cryogenic
Temperatures
P. K. Liaw, W. A. Logsdon, and M. H. Attaar ••••• 171
ix
x CONTENTS
Effects of Magnetic Field on Tensile Behavior at
4 K of Alloys 304 and 310
R. P. Reed, J. M. Arvidson, J. W. Ekin, and
R. H. Schoon • • • • . • . . •••• 187
Effects of Magnetic Fields on Martensite
Transformations and Mechanical Properties of
Steels at Low Temperatures
B. Fultz, G. M. Chang, and J. W. Morris, Jr. 199
Effect of EB-Weld and Cold-Rolling on Low
Temperature Strength and Toughness of Austenitic
Stainless Steels
T. Ogata, K. Nagai, K. Hiraga, K. Ishikawa,
and H. Irie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
The Effect of a-Ferrite upon the Low Temperature
Mechanical Properties of Centrifugally Cast
Stainless Steels
K. S. Lee and David Dew-Hughes • • • • • • • • • • • • 221
The Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel
Castings at 4 K
T. A. Whipple and H. I. McHenry •••• 243
Heat Treatments to Desensitize and Remove Delta
Ferrite from a 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn Stainless Steel
Intended for the Fabrication of Aerofoil Models
for Cryogenic Wind Tunnels
D. A. Wigley • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 249
Preliminary Study on Structural Material Selection
for Large Superconducting Magnets
S. Tone, M. Ogawa, Yamaga, H. Kaji,
~1.
T. Horiuchi, Y. Kasamatsu, H. Nakajima,
K. Yoshida, Y. Takahashi, and M. Shimada 263
Low Temperature Mechanical and Physical Properties
of Age-Hardened Fe-Ni-Cr-Mn Alloys
K. Hiraga, K. Ishikawa, T. Ogata, and
K. Nagai ...........•..••••.••.• 277
Mechanical Properties of 18Mn-5Cr Austenitic Steel
at Cryogenic Temperatures
R. Miura, K. Ohnishi, H. Nakajima,
Y. Takahashi, and K. Yoshida •.• 287
Low Temperature Properties of High-Manganese
Molybdenum Austenitic Iron Alloys
K. Ishikawa, K. Hiraga, T. Ogata, and
K. Nagai ••..••••••••••• 295
Structure and Mechanical Properties of High-Alloy
Manganese-Aluminum Steels for Cryogenic
Applications
J. Charles, A. Berghezan, and A. Lutts • • • • • • • • 311
Fracture Properties of a 25Mn Austenitic Steel and
Its Welds at 4 K
H. I. McHenry, J. W. Elmer, and T. Inoue ••• 327
CONTENTS xi
The Weldability of 25 Mn Steel
T. Ogawa, H. Masumoto, and H. Homma 339
Instrumented Charpy Impact Tests at Low
Temperatures for Several Steels
H. Yoshida, T. Kozuka, K. Miyata, and
H. Kodaka • • • • • 349
Development of a Ferritic Fe-Mn Alloy for
Cryogenic Use
M. Murakami, K. Shibata, and T. Fujita 355
GRIts Research Program on Crack Initiation and
Arrest Properties of 9% Nickel Steels Used in LNG
Storage Vessels
M. M. Mamoun, R. D. Stout, S. Atallah·, and
S. J. Wiersma •.••• 369
INDEXES
List of Contributors 383
Alloy Index • 385
Subject Index • • • • 387