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401 Pages·2013·6.123 MB·English
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AUGUSTUS The first emperor of Rome holds a perennial fascination for anyone with an interest in the Romans and their Empire. Augustus was a truly remarkable man who brought peace after many years of civil war and laid the foundations of anEmpirethatlastedfornearlyfivecenturies.EventodaytheRomanworldstill underpins modern society. This revised edition of Augustus incorporates new thinking on many aspects of his rule, and how he achieved such power. The image that he projected of himself and his achievements was benign, hopeful and heroic, but behind this carefully orchestrated self-promotion he was subtle, clever, scheming and ruthless. He has been labelled as a saviour and as a mafia boss. This account of his life shows how he successfully combined the two extremes. Patricia Southern is an expert on the history of Classical Rome, and has written extensively on the subject, with titles including The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine (2001), Domitian: Tragic Tyrant (1997) and The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History (2007). ROMAN IMPERIAL BIOGRAPHIES Forthcoming in 2014: CLAUDIUS, SECOND EDITION, BARBARA LEVICK Caligula, Second edition, Anthony A. Barrett Also available from Routledge: JULIUS CAESAR, RICHARD A. BILLOWS Constantine and the Christian Empire, Second edition, Charles M. Odahl Galerius and the Will of Diocletian, Bill Leadbetter Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96–99, John D. Grainger Year of the Four Emperors, Kenneth Wellesley Aurelian and the Third Century, Alaric Watson Septimius Severus, Anthony R. Birley Tiberius the Politician, Barbara Levick Vespasian, Barbara Levick Domitian, Pat Southern Trajan, Julian Bennett Hadrian, Antony R. Birley Diocletian and the Roman Recovery, Stephen Williams Agrippina, Anthony A. Barrett The Age of Justinian, J. A. S. Evans Theodosius, Gerard Friell and Stephen Williams Caligula, Anthony A. Barrett Claudius, Barbara Levick Marcus Aurelius, Antony R. Birley Nero, Miriam T. Griffin AUGUSTUS Second edition Patricia Southern ROUTLEDGE RTaoylour &tl Feradncgis Geroup LONDON AND NEW YORK Thissecondeditionpublished2014 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2014,1998PatriciaSouthern TherightofPatriciaSoutherntobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhasbeenasserted byherinaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct 1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedin any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. FirstpublishedbyRoutledge1998 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Southern,Pat,1948– Augustus/PatriciaSouthern.–Secondedition. pagescm.–(Romanimperialbiographies) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1. Augustus, Emperor of Rome, 63 B.C.–14 A.D. 2. Emperors–Rome–Biography. 3. Rome–History–Augustus,30B.C.–14A.D.I.Title. DG279.S682013 937’.07092–dc23 [B] 2013011266 ISBN:978-0-415-62838-9(hbk) ISBN:978-1-315-88700-5(ebk) TypesetinBaskerville byTaylor&FrancisBooks To the memory of Mum and Dad, who bought me books and took me to museums, castles and forts when I was not old enough to visit them myself. And for C.M.D., J.T. and co., and T.D.R. This(cid:2)page(cid:2)intentionally(cid:2)left(cid:2)blank CONTENTS List of illustrations viii List of maps x Preface to the first edition xi Preface to the second edition xiii Acknowledgements xv Abbreviations xvi 1 Octavius to Octavian 1 2 Caesar, son of Caesar 42 3 Consul and triumvir 79 4 The decisive decade 118 5 Empire building 173 6 Totus orbis terrarum 222 7 Profit and loss 266 8 Finale 298 9 The legacy 315 Appendix I: the buildings of Augustan Rome 330 Appendix II: Augustus and the Roman army 348 Appendix III: governance of the provinces 355 Ancient sources 360 Select bibliography 361 Index 368 vii ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1 Head of Julius Caesar 2 1.2 Coin with posthumous portrait of Pompeius Magnus 14 1.3 Head of Octavius as a youth 24 1.4 Plan of the Forum of Julius Caesar 29 1.5 Reconstruction drawing of the temple of Venus Genetrix 30 1.6 Coin with head of Caesar as Dictator 34 1.7 Coin showing head of Caesar with the title Imperator 35 2.1 Intaglio showing Marcus Antonius 56 2.2 Coin showing Octavian as divi filius 62 3.1 Coin of Marcus Brutus 81 3.2 Coin of Sextus Pompeius 82 3.3 Plans of the battle of Philippi 105 4.1 Head of Cleopatra 125 4.2 Coin of Antonius and Octavia 133 4.3 Coin of Antonius as consul designate with Octavia 134 4.4 Green basalt head of Livia 137 4.5 Marble head of Livia 137 4.6 Coin of Octavian as triumvir for the second time 140 4.7 Coin of Antonius celebrating victory over Armenia 152 4.8 Greek coin of Cleopatra 153 4.9 Coin of Antonius as triumvir in 31 BC 160 4.10 Coin of Antonius as Imperator for the fourth time 163 4.11 Plan of the battle of Actium 164 4.12 Ship’s prow from the bay at Actium 165 5.1 Portraits of Cleopatra and Caesarion on the temple at Dendera 174 5.2 Coin of Octavian celebrating the fall of Alexandria 174 5.3 Coin showing head of Octavian 177 5.4 Idealised head of Augustus 178 5.5 Bronze equestrian statue of Octavian 179 5.6 Stylised portrait of Augustus 179 5.7 Bronze head of Augustus from Egypt 184 viii ILLUSTRATIONS 5.8 The statue of Augustus celebrating the return of the military standards 212 5.9 Detail from a replica of the Prima Porta statue 213 6.1 Statue of Livia as the goddess Ceres 229 6.2 Wreathed and veiled head of Livia 229 6.3 Head of Tiberius 232 6.4 Head of Gaius Caesar 233 6.5 View of the remains of the Theatre of Marcellus 259 6.6 The reconstructed Ara Pacis 260 6.7 Veiled head of Augustus 261 7.1 Cameo of Augustus’ daughter Julia 272 7.2 Plan of the 14 administrative regions of Rome 279 7.3 The remains of the temple of Mars Ultor 289 7.4 Reconstruction drawing of the temple of Mars Ultor and plan of the Forum of Augustus 290 7.5 Part of the high firewall behind the Forum of Augustus 291 8.1 Head of Augustus produced late in his reign 299 8.2 The remains of the headquarters of Cohors VII of the Vigiles on Tiber Island 303 9.1 Statue of Tiberius as emperor 316 9.2 Cameo of Augustus in a seventeenth-century setting 319 9.3 Sardonyx cameo of Augustus 320 9.4 The Gemma Augustea 321 AI.1 Remains of the Forum of Julius Caesar 332 AI.2 Remains of the Basilica Aemilia 333 AI.3 Site of the arch of Augustus in the Forum Romanum 334 AI.4 Remains of the Basilica Julia 335 AI.5 Theatre of Marcellus and temple of Apollo Sosiana 337 AI.6 The remains of the entrance of the Portico of Octavia 338 AI.7 Mausoleum of Augustus 340 AI.8 Tellus panel of the Ara Pacis 342 AI.9 The procession on the south side of the Ara Pacis 343 AI.10 Rearward part of the procession on the south side of the Ara Pacis 344 AI.11 The Egyptian obelisk and the Meridian line in their modern position 346 ix

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