August’s Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Volume 7 PDF
Preview August’s Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Volume 7
About The Cover The handsome feline on the cover is the late Tuxedo Stan. Stanley, one of four boys born to a homeless mother, rose from his humble beginnings to international stardom when he ran for mayor of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada in October, 2012. His campaign helped raise awareness of the plight of neglected and homeless cats in Halifax and around the world. Tuxedo Stan’s election slogan, “Because neglect isn’t working,” has been adopted by many feline rescue groups. The newly elected Halifax municipal government donated $40,000.00 to the local SPCA to help build a low-cost spay and neuter clinic as a direct result of the Tuxedo Stan for Mayor campaign. Sadly, Tuxedo Stan succumbed to aggressive renal lymphosarcoma 8 months after the election, at just 3-1/2 years of age. Stan’s brother, Earl Grey, continues his work as leader of The Tuxedo Party of Canada. You can follow Earl Grey and the Tuxedo Party at www.earlgreycat.com or at www.facebook.com. Dr. Hugh Chisholm, Tuxedo Stan’s manager August’s Consultations in FELINE INTERNAL MEDICINE VOLUME 7 Edited by Susan E. Little DVM, DABVP (Feline) Owner, Bytown Cat Hospital Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, MO 63043 AUGUST’S CONSULTATIONS IN FELINE INTERNAL MEDICINE ISBN: 978-0-323-22652-3 VOLUME 7 Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous volumes copyrighted 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1994, 1991 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly + from Elsevier’s Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone: ( 1) 215 239 3804, + fax: ( 1) 215 239 3805, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions.’ Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editor assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book. The Publisher International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-22652-3 Vice President and Publisher: Loren Wilson Content Strategy Director: Penny Rudolph Content Development Manager: Jolynn Gower Content Development Specialist: Brandi Graham Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy Design Direction: Amy Buxton Cover photo: Dr. Hugh Chisholm Printed in the United States of America Last digit in the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 It is a daunting task to take over the editorial duties for this volume of Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine from the esteemed Dr. John R. August. The first volume in this series was published in 1991, and here we are, almost 25 years later, with the publication of volume 7. My career as a feline specialist was shaped and enriched by these volumes and I never dreamt that one day I’d have the honor of becoming editor. I hope this volume continues the tradition of excellence in cutting-edge feline medicine encompassed in the previous six volumes. It is only fitting that this volume is dedicated to the person whose vision is responsible for this body of work. Here’s to you, Dr. August! Preface “Eeyore was saying to himself, ‘This writing business. Pencils intercat aggression, and house soiling. Finally, 10 chapters on and what-not. Over-rated, if you ask me. Silly stuff. Nothing Pediatric and Geriatric Medicine were separated from Popu- ― in it.’ ” A.A. Milne, Winnie-the-Pooh lation Medicine and organized into their own section by Dr. Margie Scherk. A growing body of work is illuminating the In the preface to the first volume of this series in 1991, Dr. special physiology and needs of cats at either end of the life John August wrote, “I wanted to develop a book that addressed span. Chapters on anesthesia and sarcopenia in senior cats key issues in feline medicine that were topical, practical, and will be of special interest to clinicians, and the chapter on controversial.” He noted that the section editors for that first neonatal resuscitation covers information that is difficult to volume, and for every succeeding volume, were tasked with find in other sources. identifying hot topics and recruiting the very best authors. I In addition to the new sections, there are some new and have taken those words to heart and attempted to continue exciting topics in the traditional sections. These include chap- the tradition of publishing the best current topics in feline ters on the gut microbiome, complementary and alterna- medicine in this volume. Such an important task was not tive therapies for inflammatory bowel disease, continuous possible without the expert assistance of the 17 section glucose monitoring for diabetic patients, stem cell therapy editors to identify and recruit an outstanding panel of more for chronic kidney disease, emerging dermatoses, cardiore- than 100 international authors who are experts in their fields. spiratory disease in the shelter setting, electrochemotherapy, The first volume in this series contained nine sections: management of large-scale cruelty cases, and controversies in Special Problems, Dermatology, Cardiology and Respiratory feline nutrition. As always, the chapters in this book provide Disorders, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Urinary a mix of practical information and new ideas, even contro- Tract, Hematopoietic System, Gastrointestinal System, Neu- versial topics. They contain things you will put into everyday rology, and Infectious Diseases. Throughout the years, in use and material that will be thought-provoking. keeping with the changing face of feline medicine, the sec- Writing is essentially a lonely business, as many of the tions have occasionally changed. This volume of Consultations authors included in this book will tell you, but I will have to in Feline Internal Medicine contains 12 sections, covering disagree with Winnie the Pooh as it is clearly not “silly stuff.” Infectious Diseases (8 chapters), Gastrointestinal Diseases (8 The fruits of the labors of many experts are now shared with chapters), Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases (9 chapters), you and the feline medicine community. Cats do not give up Dermatology (8 chapters), Cardiology and Respiratory Med- their secrets easily, but this volume contains many important icine (13 chapters), Upper and Lower Urinary Tract Diseases pieces of the puzzle. (7 chapters), Oncology (7 chapters), Nutrition (6 chapters), Population Medicine (9 chapters), as well as three new ACKNOWLEDGMENTS sections. A section on Emergency and Critical Care Medicine appears for the first time in this volume. This new section, Putting together a textbook of this magnitude is not possible designed by editors Dr. Tony Johnson and Dr. Gretchen without an excellent publishing team and my thanks go to Statz, contains 13 chapters on diverse topics such as the new my colleagues at Elsevier, including Brandi Graham, Penny evidence-based guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation Rudolph, and others for their support and advice. Textbooks in cats, treatment of hypertensive crises, and cutting-edge depend on the willingness of experts to share and teach, so I endourology procedures (urinary diversion techniques). Also would like to express my gratitude to the section editors and new in this volume is a section on Behavioral Medicine with authors who gave freely of their time and expertise in what 6 chapters, edited by Dr. Debra Horwitz. The inclusion of I know are already busy professional schedules. The real this section reflects the growing body of research that helps reason I love to work on textbooks is how much I learn from us understand both normal behavior and behavior problems my wonderful colleagues in the process! Finally, I want to in cats. Behavior problems are some of the most common thank the excellent veterinarians and team members I work concerns that cat owners bring to veterinarians, so it is a with every day at Bytown Cat Hospital in Ottawa, Ontario delight to see the excellent content designed by Dr. Horwitz for their support and understanding of the seemingly endless and her authors covering subjects such as anxiety disorders, work of editing a textbook. vii Section Editors P. Jane Armstrong, DVM, MS, MBA Debra F. Horwitz, DVM, DACVB Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine Veterinary Behaviorist Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Veterinary Behavior Consultations University of Minnesota St. Louis, Missouri St. Paul, Minnesota Behavioral Medicine Nutrition Albert E. Jergens, DVM, PhD, DACVIM Joseph W. Bartges, DVM, PhD Professor and Associate Chair for Research and Graduate Staff Internist and Academic Director Studies Cornell University Veterinary Specialists Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Stamford, Connecticut College of Veterinary Medicine Adjunct Clinical Professor Iowa State University Small Animal Clinical Sciences Ames, Iowa Cornell University Gastrointestinal System Ithaca, New York Tony Johnson, DVM, DACVECC Upper and Lower Urinary Tract Diseases Medical Director Christine L. Cain, DVM, DACVD Veterinary Information Network Assistant Professor of Dermatology Davis, California Department of Clinical Studies Emergency and Critical Care Medicine University of Pennsylvania Antony S. Moore, BVSc, MVSc School of Veterinary Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Veterinary Oncology Consults Dermatology Wauchope, New South Wales, Australia Oncology Craig A. Datz, DVM, MS, DABVP, DACVN Mark E. Peterson, DVM, DACVIM Adjunct Associate Professor College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine University of Missouri Animal Endocrine Clinic Columbia, Missouri New York, New York Senior Scientific Affairs Manager Adjunct Professor of Medicine Royal Canin USA Department of Clinical Sciences St. Charles, Missouri New York State College of Veterinary Medicine Infectious Diseases Cornell University Ithaca, New York Brian A. DiGangi, DVM, MS, DABVP Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Clinical Assistant Professor Elizabeth Rozanski, DVM Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences University of Florida Associate Professor Gainesville, Florida Department of Clinical Sciences Population Medicine Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine North Grafton, Massachusetts Brenda Griffin, DVM, MS, DACVIM Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine Adjunct Associate Professor of Shelter Medicine John Rush, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Cardiology), DACVECC Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Professor University of Florida Department of Clinical Sciences Gainesville, Florida Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Population Medicine North Grafton, Massachusetts Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine viii Section Editors ix Margie Scherk, DVM, Dip ABVP (Feline Practice) Séverine Tasker, BSc, BVSc (Hons), PhD, DSAM, DipECVIM-CA, FHEA, MRCVS catsINK Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Reader in Feline Medicine Pediatric and Geriatric Medicine The Feline Centre Langford Veterinary Services & School of Veterinary Gretchen Statz, DVM, DACVECC Sciences Staff Criticalist University of Bristol Department of Internal Medicine and Critical Care Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care Infectious Diseases Indianapolis, Indiana Angela Witzel, DVM, PhD Internal Medicine Consultant Antech Diagnostics Assistant Clinical Professor of Nutrition Irvine, California Small Animal Clinical Sciences Emergency and Critical Care Medicine University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Nutrition Contributors Jill L. Abraham, VMD, DACVD David Bennett, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, DVM, DSAO, FHEA, MRCVS Dermatologist Department of Dermatology Professor BluePearl Veterinary Partners School of Veterinary Medicine New York, New York University of Glasgow Feline Food Allergy Glasgow, Great Britain Osteoarthritis in the Aging Cat Karin Allenspach, DMV, ECVIM-CA, FVH, PhD, FHEA Allyson Berent, DVM, DACVIM Professor in Small Animal Internal Medicine Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Staff Veterinarian, Director of Interventional Endoscopy Royal Veterinary College Services London, Hertfordshire, Great Britain Department of Interventional Radiology / Endoscopy Feline Inflammatory Gastrointestinal Disease The Animal Medical Center New York, New York Jennifer Baez, VMD, DACVIM (Internal Medicine, Endourology in the Feline Patient: Urinary Diversion Oncology) Techniques Veterinary Medical Oncologist Darren Berger, DVM, DACVD Department of Oncology Center for Animal Referral and Emergency Services Assistant Professor of Dermatology (CARES) Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Langhorne, Pennsylvania College of Veterinary Medicine Feline Mammary Carcinoma Iowa State University Ames, Iowa Melissa Bain, DVM, DACVB, MS, DACAW Malassezia spp. in Feline Dermatology Associate Professor of Clinical Animal Behavior Jeannine M. Berger, DVM, DACVB, DACAW, CAWA Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Director of Behavior Resources Davis, California Department of Behavior Update on Feline Housesoiling and Urine Marking San Francisco SPCA San Francisco, California Joseph W. Bartges, DVM, PhD Feline Aggression Toward People Staff Internist and Academic Director April E. Blong, DVM, DACVECC Cornell University Veterinary Specialists Stamford, Connecticut Post-Doctoral Associate Adjunct Clinical Professor Cornell Clinical Fellow Small Animal Clinical Sciences Small Animal Nutrition Resident Cornell University Cornell University Ithaca, New York College of Veterinary Medicine Update on Feline Urolithiasis Ithaca, New York Urinary Tract Infection Feline Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Current Evidence- Based Guidelines Marie C. Bélanger, DVM, MSc, ACVIM Manuel Boller, Dr. Med. Vet., MTR, DACVECC Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine and Cardiology Senior Lecturer Emergency and Critical Care Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences University of Montreal University of Melbourne St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada Werribee, Victoria, Australia Cardiorenal Syndrome Feline Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Current Evidence- Based Guidelines x Contributors xi Dawn Merton Boothe, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM, DACVCP Christopher G. Byers, DVM, DACVECC, DACVIM (SAIM), CVJ Professor, Director Clinical Pharmacology Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology; Clinical Sciences Medical Doctor Auburn University VCA Midwest Veterinary Specialists of Omaha Auburn, Alabama Omaha, Nebraska Medicating the Very Young and the Very Old Cat Adjunct Associate Professor of Emergency & Critical Care Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine Allison Bradley, BA, DVM, DACVIM Manhattan, Kansas VCA Veterinary Specialists of Northern Colorado Acute Hemolytic Disorders in Cats Loveland, Colorado Alane Kosanovich Cahalane, DVM, MA, DACVS-SA Feline Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction: Medical versus Surgical Management CEO and Co-Founder VSH Hong Kong Benjamin Brainard, VMD, DACVAA, DACVECC Hong Kong, SAR China Associate Professor, Critical Care Vascular Access Ports in Cats Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Christine L. Cain, DVM, DACVD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, Georgia Assistant Professor of Dermatology Current Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Feline Department of Clinical Studies Hypercoagulability University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Jennifer Broadhurst, DVM Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Division Director Diagnostically Challenging Dermatoses of Cats Clay County Animal Care & Control Amanda Callens, BS, LVMT Clay County, Florida Kitten Nurseries: A Practical Guide Veterinary Technician Update on Feline Urolithiasis Michael R. Broome, DVM, MS, DABVP Daniel L. Chan, DVM, DACVECC, DACVN, DECVECC, Advanced Veterinary Medical Imaging FHEA, MRCVS Tustin, California Treatment of Severe, Unresponsive, or Recurrent Professor of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine and Hyperthyroidism Clinical Nutrition Treatment of Hyperthyroidism and Concurrent Renal Disease Section of Emergency and Critical Care Department of Clinical Science and Services Scott A. Brown, VMD, PhD The Royal Veterinary College Josiah Meigs Distinguished Teaching Professor University of London Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Critical Care Nutrition University of Georgia Dennis J. Chew, DVM, DACVIM (Internal Medicine) Edward Gunst Professor of Small Animal Medicine Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery Professor Emeritus UGA College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Athens, Georgia The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update Columbus, Ohio Management of Idiopathic Hypercalcemia C.A. Tony Buffington, DVM, PhD Martha G. Cline, DVM, DACVN Professor Veterinary Clinical Sciences Clinical Veterinary Nutritionist The Ohio State University Department of Clinical Nutrition Columbus, Ohio Red Bank Veterinary Hospital Feline Idiopathic Cystitis Tinton Falls, New Jersey Environmental Strategies to Promote Health and Wellness Current Feeding Practices of Cat Owners xii Contributors Rachel Dean, BVMS, PhD, DSAM(fel), MRCVS Daniel J. Fletcher, PhD, DVM Director of the Centre for Evidence-Based Veterinary Associate Professor, Section of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Associate Chair, Department of Clinical Sciences Clinical Associate Professor in Feline Medicine Cornell University School of Veterinary Medicine and Science College of Veterinary Medicine University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus Ithaca, New York Loughborough, Great Britain Feline Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Current Evidence- Evidence-Based Feline Medicine: Principles and Practicalities Based Guidelines Joao Felipe de Brito Galvao, MV, MS, DACVIM (SAIM) J.D. Foster, VMD, DACVIM Internal Medicine Specialist and Medical Director Staff Veterinarian Department of Internal Medicine Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine VCA Arboretum View Animal Hospital University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine Downers Grove, Illinois Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Management of Idiopathic Hypercalcemia Cutaneous Manifestations of Internal Disease Amy DeClue, DVM, MS, DACVIM Susan Foster, BVSc, MVetClinStud, FANZCVS Associate Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine Small Animal Medicine Consultant Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Vetnostics University of Missouri North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia Columbia, Missouri Adjunct Senior Lecturer in Small Animal Medicine Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Cats with Diabetes School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Alison Diesel, DVM, DACVD Murdoch, Western Australia Clinical Assistant Professor Dealing with Toxoplasmosis: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Treatment and Prevention College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Diane Frank, DVM, DACVB Texas A&M University College Station, Texas Professor Recognition of and Approach to Feline Cutaneous Reaction Department of Clinical Sciences Patterns Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada Brian A. DiGangi, DVM, MS, DABVP (Canine & Feline Intercat Aggression Practice) Lisa M. Freeman, DVM, PhD, DACVN Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Professor University of Florida Department of Clinical Sciences Gainesville, Florida Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts Strategies for Infectious Disease Management in Shelter Cats University North Grafton, Massachusetts Ray Dillon, DVM, MS, MBA, DACVIM (IM) Nutritional Management of Heart Disease Jack Rash Professor of Medicine Frédéric Gaschen, Dr. Med. Vet., Dr. Habil. Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Professor and Chief Auburn University Companion Animal Medicine Service Auburn, Alabama Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine Feline Heartworm Disease Baton Rouge, Louisiana Disorders of Esophageal, Gastric, and Intestinal Motility in Adam Eatroff, DVM, DACVIM (SAIM) Cats Department of Internal Medicine / Hemodialysis Unit Lorrie Gaschen, DVM, PhD, Dr. Med. Vet., Dipl. DECVDI BluePearl Veterinary Partners New York, New York Associate Dean for Diversity and Faculty Affairs Acute Kidney Injury Blanche Donaldson Professor Professor of Diagnostic Imaging Amy K. Farcas, DVM, MS, DACVN Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Owner, Clinical Nutritionist Louisiana State University Veterinary Nutrition Care Baton Rouge, Louisiana Belmont, California Diagnostic Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Tissue Feeding the Senior and Geriatric Cat Sampling
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