Auditory Perception of Sound Sources PDF
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Springer Handbook of Auditory Research Series Editors: Richard R. Fay and Arthur N. Popper Springer Handbook of Auditory Research Volume 1: The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neuroanatomy Edited by Douglas B. Webster, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 2: The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neurophysiology Edited by Arthur N. Popper and Richard R. Fay Volume 3: Human Psychophysics Edited by William Yost, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 4: Comparative Hearing: Mammals Edited by Richard R. Fay and Arthur N. Popper Volume 5: Hearing by Bats Edited by Arthur N. Popper and Richard R. Fay Volume 6: Auditory Computation Edited by Harold L. Hawkins, Teresa A. McMullen, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 7: Clinical Aspects of Hearing Edited by Thomas R. Van De Water, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 8: The Cochlea Edited by Peter Dallos, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 9: Development of the Auditory System Edited by Edwin W Rubel, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 10: Comparative Hearing: Insects Edited by Ronald Hoy, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 11: Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians Edited by Richard R. Fay and Arthur N. Popper Volume 12: Hearing by Whales and Dolphins Edited by Whitlow W.L. Au, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 13: Comparative Hearing: Birds and Reptiles Edited by Robert Dooling, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 14: Genetics and Auditory Disorders Edited by Bronya J.B. Keats, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 15: Integrative Functions in the Mammalian Auditory Pathway Edited by Donata Oertel, Richard R. Fay, and Arthur N. Popper Volume 16: Acoustic Communication Edited by Andrea Simmons, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 17: Compression: From Cochlea to Cochlear Implants Edited by Sid P. Bacon, Richard R. Fay, and Arthur N. Popper Volume 18: Speech Processing in the Auditory System Edited by Steven Greenberg, William Ainsworth, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 19: The Vestibular System Edited by Stephen M. Highstein, Richard R. Fay, and Arthur N. Popper Volume 20: Cochlear Implants: Auditory Prostheses and Electric Hearing Edited by Fan-Gang Zeng, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Volume 21: Electroreception Edited by Theodore H. Bullock, Carl D. Hopkins, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay Continued after index William A. Yost Arthur N. Popper Richard R. Fay Editors Auditory Perception of Sound Sources William A. Yost Arthur N. Popper Speech and Hearing Sciences Department of Biology Arizona State University University of Maryland Tempe, AZ 85287 College Park, MD 20742 USA USA Contents Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Volume Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1. Perceiving Sound Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 William A. Yost 2. Human Sound Source Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Robert A. Lutfi 3. Size Information in the Production and Perception of Communication Sounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Roy D. Patterson, David R.R. Smith, Ralph van Dinther, and Thomas C. Walters 4. The Role of Memory in Auditory Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Laurent Demany and Catherine Semal 5. Auditory Attention and Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Ervin R. Hafter, Anastasios Sarampalis, and Psyche Loui 6. Informational Masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Gerald Kidd, Jr., Christine R. Mason, Virginia M. Richards, Frederick J. Gallun, and Nathaniel I. Durlach 7. Effects of Harmonicity and Regularity on the Perception of Sound Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Robert P. Carlyon and Hedwig E. Gockel 8. Spatial Hearing and Perceiving Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Christopher J. Darwin 9. Envelope Processing and Sound-Source Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Stanley Sheft 10. Speech as a Sound Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Andrew J. Lotto and Sarah C. Sullivan 11. Sound Source Perception and Stream Segregation in Nonhuman Vertebrate Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Richard R. Fay Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325 v Series Preface The Springer Handbook of Auditory Research presents a series of comprehensive and synthetic reviews of the fundamental topics in modern auditory research. The volumes are aimed at all individuals with interests in hearing research, including advanced graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and clinical investigators. The volumes are intended to introduce new investigators to important aspects of hearing science and to help established investigators to better understand the fundamental theories and data in fields of hearing that they may not normally follow closely. Each volume presents a particular topic comprehensively, and each serves as a synthetic overview and guide to the literature. As such, the chapters present neither exhaustive data reviews nor original research that has not yet appeared in peer-reviewed journals. The volumes focus on topics that have developed solid data and a strong conceptual foundation rather than on those for which a literature is only beginning to develop. New research areas will be covered on a timely basis in the series as they begin to mature. Each volume in the series consists of a few substantial chapters on a particular topic. In some cases, the topics will be those of traditional interest for which there is a substantial body of data and theory, such as auditory neuroanatomy (Vol. 1) and neurophysiology (Vol. 2). Other volumes in the series deal with topics that have begun to mature more recently, such as development, plasticity, and computational models of neural processing. In many cases, the series editors are joined by a coeditor with special expertise in the topic of the volume. Richard R. Fay, Chicago, IL Arthur N. Popper, College Park, MD vii Volume Preface To survive, animals must navigate, find food, avoid predators, and reproduce; and many species survive based on their ability to communicate. All of these crucial behaviors allow animals to function in a crowded world of obstacles, objects, and other animals. Many of these objects vibrate and produce sound, and sound may be used to determine the sources of the sound and to serve as a basis for communication. Sounds produced by different sources are combined in one sound field that must be parsed into information that allows for the determination of the individual sources. This process begins at the level of the auditory receptor organ, but is primarily accomplished by processing of the peripheral code in the brain. Given the variety of sources that produce sound, the complexity of the world in which these sources exist, and the lack of peripheral receptors to analyze sound sources per se, determining the sources of sound presents a significant challenge for the auditory system. At present, not a great deal is known about how the auditory system deals with this challenge. This book reviews several topics that are likely relevant to enhance an understanding of the auditory system’s ability to determine sound sources. Yost, in Chapter 1, provides an overview of the volume and the issues that arise in considering sound source perception. Chapter 2, by Lufti, describes the properties of resonating sources, especially solids, and how the various properties of a resonating sound source (e.g., size, mass, tension) may affect sound source perception. In Chapter 3, Patterson, Smith, van Dinther, and Walters consider the standing-wave properties of sound sources, such as the vocal tract, and how the size of such resonators may determine the perception of the source. Chapter 4, by Demany and Semal, reviews much of the current knowledge about auditory memory, especially as it may relate to sound source perception. In addition to the importance of attending to one source or another to function in our everyday acoustic world, auditory attention may also play a direct role in aiding the auditory system in segregating one sound source from another. Chapter 5, by Hafter, Sarampalis, and Loui, reviews much of the literature related to auditory attention. In Chapter 6, by Kidd, Mason, Richards, Gallun, and Durlach, the topics of masking, especially energetic and informational masking, are reviewed as they relate to sound source perception. This is followed by Chapter 7, by Carylon and Gockel, in which the authors discuss how sources may be perceived and segregated based on a source’s fundamental frequency of vibration and its resulting harmonic structure or temporal and spectral regularity. ix x Volume Preface A great deal is known about how differences in interaural arrival time and interaural level differences are used to locate the position of sound sources. Darwin (Chapter 8) considers the role spatial separation (especially interaural time and level differences) plays in sound source perception and segregation. In Chapter 9, Sheft discusses temporal patterns of sounds and how these patterns pertain to sound source perception. This is followed by Chapter 10, by Lotto and Sullivan, who consider the speech-perception literature that provides insights into processes that might be considered for a better understanding of sound source perception for any potential sound source. Finally, in Chapter 11, Fay reviews the growing body of literature on how animal subjects other than humans process sound from sources. Related chapters pertaining to other aspects of sound source perception can be found elsewhere in chapters from the Springer Handbook of Auditory Research series. Several chapters in Volume 15 (Integrative Functions in the Mammalian Auditory Pathway) relate to the questions of sound source perception, especially Chapter 9 (“Feature Detection in Auditory Cortex”) by Nelken. Lewis and Fay, in Volume 22 (Chapter 2), Evolution of the Vertebrate Auditory System, is a treatment of the acoustic variables that could play a role in sound source perception. Volume 24 (Pitch: Neural Coding and Perception) contains several chapters that relate to this topic, especially Chapter 8, by Darwin, on “Pitch and Auditory Grouping.” Volume 25 (Sound Source Localization) is a recent authoritative review of this topic. Volume 28 (Hearing and Sound Commu- nication in Amphibians), and especially Chapter 11 on “Sound Processing in Real-World Environments,” by Feng and Schul, treats many aspects of sound source perception in amphibians. William A. Yost, Chicago, IL Arthur N. Popper, College Park, MD Richard R. Fay, Chicago, IL Contributors robert p. carlyon MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK, Email: xii Contributors andrew j. lotto Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0071, Email:
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