Audio Power Amplifier Design Handbook, Fourth Edition PDF
Preview Audio Power Amplifier Design Handbook, Fourth Edition
Audio Power Amplifier Design Handbook Audio Power Amplifier Design Handbook Fourth edition Douglas Self MA, MSc AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEWYORK • OXFORD PARIS • SANDIEGO • SANFRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO NewnesisanimprintofElsevier NewnesisanimprintofElsevier LinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP 30CorporateDrive,Burlington,MA01803 Firstpublished2006 Copyright©2006,DouglasSelf.Allrightsreserved TherightofDouglasSelftobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeen assertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988 Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedinanymaterialform(including photocopyingorstoringinanymediumbyelectronicmeansandwhetherornot transientlyorincidentallytosomeotheruseofthispublication)withoutthewritten permissionofthecopyrightholderexceptinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissued bytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,London, EnglandW1T4LP.Applicationsforthecopyrightholder’swrittenpermissionto reproduceanypartofthispublicationshouldbeaddressedtothepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScienceandTechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone:(+44)(0)1865843830;fax:(+44)(0)1865 853333;e-mail:[email protected] on-lineviatheElsevierhomepage(http://www.elsevier.com),byselecting ‘CustomerSupport’andthen‘ObtainingPermissions’ BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Self,Douglas Audiopoweramplifierdesignhandbook.—4thed. 1. Audioamplifiers—Design 2. Poweramplifiers—Design I. Title 621.3(cid:2)81535 LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2006927666 ISBN-13:978-0-7506-8072-1 ISBN-10:0-7506-8072-5 ForinformationonallNewnespublications visitourwebsiteatwww.newnespress.com PrintedandboundinGreatBritain 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Contents Synopsis vii Preface to Fourth Edition xvii Preface xviii 1. Introduction and general survey 1 2. History, architecture and negative feedback 31 3. The general principles of power amplifiers 62 4. The small signal stages 75 5. The output stage I 109 6. The output stage II 166 7. Compensation, slew-rate, and stability 186 8. Power supplies and PSRR 239 9. Class-A power amplifiers 259 10. Class-G power amplifiers 294 11. Class-D amplifiers 319 12. FET output stages 328 13. Thermal compensation and thermal dynamics 339 14. The design of DC servos 385 15. Amplifier and loudspeaker protection 397 16. Grounding and practical matters 432 17. Testing and safety 454 Index 464 v Synopsis Chapter 1 Introduction and general survey The economic importance of power amplifiers Assumptions Origins and aims The study of amplifier design Misinformation in audio Science and subjectivism The Subjectivist position A short history of subjectivism The limits of hearing Articles of faith: the tenets of subjectivism The length of the audio chain The implications The reasons why The outlook Technical errors The performance requirements for amplifiers Safety Reliability Power output Frequency response Noise Distortion Damping factor Absolute phase Acronyms Chapter 2 History, architecture and negative feedback A brief history of amplifiers Amplifier architectures vii Synopsis The three-stage architecture The two-stage amplifier architecture Power amplifier classes Class-A Class-AB Class-B Class-C Class-D Class-E Class-F Class-G Class-H Class-S Variations on Class-B Error-correcting amplifiers Non-switching amplifiers Current-drive amplifiers The Blomley principle Geometric mean Class-AB Nested differentiating feedback loops AC- and DC-coupled amplifiers The advantages of AC-coupling The advantages of DC-coupling Negative feedback in power amplifiers Some common misconceptions about negative feedback Amplifier stability and NFB Maximising the NFB Maximising linearity before feedback Chapter 3 The general principles of power amplifiers How a generic amplifier works The advantages of convention The eight distortions Distortion one: input stage distortion Distortion two: VAS distortion Distortion three: output stage distortion Distortion four: VAS loading distortion Distortion five: rail decoupling distortion Distortion six: induction distortion Distortion seven: NFB takeoff distortion Distortion eight: capacitor distortion Non-existent distortions The performance of a standard amplifier Open-loop linearity and how to determine it viii Synopsis Direct open-loop gain measurement Using model amplifiers The concept of the blameless amplifier Chapter 4 The small signal stages The role of the input stage Distortion from the input stage BJTs vs FETs for the input stage Advantages of the FET input stage Disadvantages of FET input stage Singleton input stage versus differential pair The input stage distortion in isolation Input stage balance The joy of current-mirrors Improving input-stage linearity Radical methods of improving input linearity Input stage cascode configurations Input noise and how to reduce it Offset and match: the DC precision issue The input stage and the slew-rate The voltage-amplifier stage Measuring VAS distortion in isolation VAS operation VAS distortion Linearising the VAS: active load techniques VAS enhancements The importance of voltage drive The balanced VAS The VAS and manipulating open-loop bandwidth Manipulating open-loop bandwidth Conclusions Chapter 5 The output stage I Classes and devices The distortions of the output Harmonic generation by crossover distortion Comparing output stages The emitter-follower output The CFP output Quasi-complementary outputs Triple-based output configurations Triple EF output stages Distortion and its mechanisms ix
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