Audel Electrical Trades Pocket Manual

374 Pages·2012·6.75 MB·English

Audel Electrical Trades
Pocket Manual
Audel Electrical
Trades Pocket
Manual
L.W. Brittian
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Brittian, L. W.
Audel electrical trades pocket manual / L. W. Brittian.
pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-118-08664-3 (pbk); 978-1-118-27775-1 (ebk);
978-1-118-27776-8 (ebk); 978-1-118-27778-2 (ebk); 978-1-118-27780-5 (ebk);
978-1-118-27789-8 (ebk); 978-1-118-27790-4 (ebk);
1. Electric industries—Vocational guidance—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
2. Electrical engineering—Vocational guidance—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.
TK159.B75 2012
621.3--dc23
2011045251
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Introduction xiii
Disclaimer xv
Chapter 1 THE LAWS THAT CONTROL
AND EXPLAIN ELECTRICITY 1
POWER FACTOR 3
THREE-PHASE POWER 6
CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICES 9
Chapter 2 POWER GENERATION AND
DISTRIBUTION WITHIN COMMERCIAL
AND INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES 11
ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATORS 17
TOTAL LOADS SERVED 17
TYPES OF ONSITE POWER GENERATION 18
Chapter 3 POWER, CONTROL, AND
LIGHTING TRANSFORMER 21
ELECTRICAL POWER 24
INSULATION MATERIAL TEMPERATURE RISE 25
GROUNDING 26
TERMINAL CONNECTION MARKINGS 26
v
vi ■ CONTENTS
THREE-PHASE, OIL–COOLED POWER
TRANSFORMERS 26
THREE-PHASE DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS 28
DRY-TYPE SINGLE-PHASE CONTROL
CIRCUIT TRANSFORMERS 29
Chapter 4 ELECTRICAL SWITCHGEAR 31
MOTOR CONTROL CENTER 31
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF SWITCHGEAR 32
LOW-VOLTAGE POWER DISTRIBUTION 33
BUS BAR AND CIRCUIT BREAKER
ARRANGEMENTS 34
OPTIONAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES 37
METAL-CLAD SWITCHGEAR 38
CONTINUOUS CURRENT RATINGS 38
ARC-RESISTANT SWITCHGEAR 39
Chapter 5 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
PROTECTIVE DEVICES 41
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKERS 43
MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS 45
VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS 45
INSULATED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKERS 47
LOW-VOLTAGE POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERS 47
SUPPLEMENTAL PROTECTORS 47
MOTOR CIRCUIT PROTECTORS 47
OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS 48
GAS INSULATED CIRCUIT BREAKERS 48
FUSES 48
CIRCUIT BREAKER MAINTENANCE 50
CONTENTS ■ vii
COORDINATION BETWEEN
PROTECTIVE DEVICES 51
Chapter 6 PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE
DEVICES 53
INTRODUCTION 53
GROUND FAULT PROTECTION OF EQUIPMENT 56
HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE OF GFCIS IN
THE UNITED STATES 56
TROUBLESHOOTING GFCIs 57
TIME AND CURRENT LEVELS PROTECTED BY
CIRCUIT BREAKERS 58
ARC FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS 59
Chapter 7 THREE-PHASE MOTORS 61
ELECTRIC MOTOR PRINCIPLES
OF OPERATION 62
RATED FULL LOAD SPEED 66
SERVICE FACTOR 67
RATED AMBIENT TEMPERATURE 67
STATOR WINDING INSULATION CLASSES 68
TYPES OF TORQUE PRODUCED BY A MOTOR 68
Chapter 8 CONTROLLING AND PROTECTING
THREE-PHASE MOTORS 71
COMPONENTS OF A MOTOR STARTER 71
MOTOR STARTER SIZES 72
METHODS OF STARTING THREE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTORS 73
viii ■ CONTENTS
FULL VOLTAGE, ACROSS THE LINE MOTOR STARTERS 73
HOW A MOTOR STARTER OPERATES 73
THREE-WIRE CONTROL CIRCUIT CONTROLLING A
THREE-PHASE MOTOR STARTER 76
SIZING OF OVERLOAD HEATER ELEMENTS 77
Chapter 9 VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES 79
FOUR-QUADRANT OPERATION 80
TORQUE 80
PARTS OF A DRIVE 82
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION 84
SIX-STEP METHOD OF DRIVE CONTROL 84
PROGRAMMING DRIVES 85
Chapter 10 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLERS 89
BLACK BOX CONCEPT 89
PLC SIZES 92
PLC CONSTRUCTION 92
TYPES OF INPUTS AND OUTPUTS 92
TIMERS 95
COUNTERS 96
BENEFITS OF USING PLCS 96
I/Os AND MEMORY ADDRESSES 97
Chapter 11 ELECTRICAL SERVICES 99
METERING EQUIPMENT 101
GROUNDING OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 101
BONDING VERSUS GROUNDING 103
CONTENTS ■ ix
FAULT CURRENT PATH, CONDUITS, AND LOCKNUTS 103
LOW AND HIGH IMPEDANCE GROUNDED SYSTEMS 104
UNGROUNDED ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 104
SECOND GROUND FAULT 106
SEPARATION OF THE GROUNDED
SYSTEM CONDUCTOR (NEUTRAL) AND
THE EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTOR 106
WHAT CONDUCTORS MUST BE GROUNDED 107
SEPARATELY DERIVED SYSTEMS 108
STANDARD VOLTAGES 108
Chapter 12 ELECTRICAL LIGHT
FIXTURES 111
APPLICATIONS FOR LIGHT FIXTURES 112
DESIGN OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS 112
MAJOR TYPES OF LAMPS USED IN COMMERCIAL
AND INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES 113
LIGHT FIXTURE PERFORMANCE 113
PATTERN OF ILLUMINANCE 114
TYPES OF GLARE 116
ILLUMINATING ENGINEERS SOCIETY 116
LAMP SELECTION PARAMETERS 116
LIGHT FIXTURE OPERATING CONTROLS 117
PHOTOCELLS 117
INCANDESCENT LAMPS 117
GAS DISCHARGE LAMPS 118
FLUORESCENT LAMPS 119
FLUORESCENT BALLAST 119
HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS 120
MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS 120
x ■ CONTENTS
METAL HALIDE LAMPS 120
HIGH-PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS 121
TYPES OF HID BALLASTS 121
WHAT BALLASTS DO 121
BALLAST VOLTAGE RATINGS 122
BALLAST WIRING DIAGRAMS 122
Chapter 13 ELECTRICAL TIMERS 123
SECTIONS OF A TIMER 123
FIVE COMMON MODES, OR FUNCTIONS,
OF TIMERS 125
NINE TYPES OF TIMER OPERATING
PRINCIPLES 126
TIMING CHART LEVELS 129
COMPLETE TIMING CHARTS 133
Chapter 14 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS 135
ELECTRICAL LADDER DIAGRAMS 135
ELEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 135
ONE-LINE DIAGRAMS 142
Chapter 15 ELECTRICAL TEST
INSTRUMENTS 145
WORDS USED WITH METERS 145
MULTIMETERS 146
AUTO RANGING METERS 147
THREE-STEP METHOD 148
AUTO FUNCTION FEATURES 148
OHMMETERS 149
CONTENTS ■ xi
MEG-OHMMETER 151
CLAMP-ON AMP METERS 151
Chapter 16 ELECTRICAL
TROUBLESHOOTING 153
INTRODUCTION TO TROUBLESHOOTING 153
NOT WHERE IT IS, BUT WHERE IT WAS LOST 154
SAFETY FIRST 155
WHAT TOOLS ARE NEEDED 156
CAUSE VERSES EFFECT 158
A SIX-STEP METHOD 158
Chapter 17 ACCESS, FIRE, AND BURGLAR
ALARM SYSTEMS 163
FACILITIES ACCESS CONTROL 163
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS 164
ALARM SIGNALS 165
SYSTEM MONITORING 166
HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACES 167
NOTIFICATION CIRCUIT VOLTAGE DROP 169
MASS NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS 169
CONDUCTORS FOR FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS 170
Chapter 18 COMPUTER VOICE AND
DATA WIRING SYSTEMS 171
INTRODUCTION 171
HOT SWAPPING COMPUTER SIGNAL CABLES 171
CONNECTING A DESKTOP COMPUTER AS AN
ISLAND 172