Audel Carpenters and Builders Math, Plans, and Specifications, All New 7th Edition (Audel Technical Trades Series, Volume 23)

385 Pages·2005·4.13 MB·English

by  Mark Richard Miller

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AudelTM
Carpenter’s and
Builder’s Math, Plans,
and Specifications
All New 7th Edition
i
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ii
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AudelTM
Carpenter’s and
Builder’s Math, Plans,
and Specifications
All New 7th Edition
Mark Richard Miller
Rex Miller
iii
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Contents
Acknowledgments xiii
About the Authors xv
Introduction xvii
Chapter 1 Nails, Screws, Bolts, and Other Fasteners 1
Nails 1
ThePennySystem 3
NailCharacteristics 3
SelectingNailSize 12
DrivingNails 13
Screws 16
Material 17
DimensionsofScrews 18
ShapeoftheHead 18
HowtoDriveaWoodScrew 18
StrengthofWoodScrews 21
LagScrews 23
Bolts 23
ManufactureofBolts 23
KindsofBolts 27
ProportionsandStrengthofBolts 27
Fasteners for Plaster or Drywall 33
ExpansionAnchors 33
HollowWallScrewAnchors 34
ToggleBolts 36
HangerBolts,DowelScrews,andToggle
Studs 37
FramingFasteners 39
Summary 39
Review Questions 40
Chapter 2 Wood as a Building Material 41
Growth and Structure of Wood 41
Softwoods and Hardwoods 41
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Lumber Conversion 43
Seasoning of Wood 44
MoistureContent 47
Density 49
Strength 51
Deadwood 53
VirginandSecondGrowth 54
TimeofCuttingTimber 54
Air-DriedandKiln-DriedWood 54
SapwoodVersusHeartwood 55
Defects and Deterioration 55
DecayofWood 57
NuclearRadiation 63
Weathering 63
InsectDamage 65
Summary 65
Review Questions 65
Chapter 3 Lumber, Plywood, and Other Wood
Products 67
Standard Sizes of Lumber 67
Softwood Lumber Grades for
Construction 68
Stress-GradedLumber 68
Nonstress-GradedLumber 69
AppearanceLumber 70
Plywood 77
TypesofPlywood 79
GradesofPlywood 79
Particle Board 79
Lumber Distribution 82
RetailYardInventory 82
ImportantPurchaseConsiderations 86
Engineered Lumber 87
Summary 88
Review Questions 88
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Contents vii
Chapter 4 Strength of Timbers 89
Tension 89
Compression 90
Working Stresses for Columns 91
Shearing Stresses 92
Horizontal Shears 94
Transverse or Bending Stress 96
Stiffness 96
Modulus of Elasticity 100
Beams 100
AllowableLoadsonWoodBeams 100
BreakingLoadsonWoodBeams 102
DistributedLoad 102
CantileverBeams 102
Wind Loads on Roofs 104
Definitions 106
Summary 108
Review Questions 109
Chapter 5 Mathematics for Carpenters and Builders 111
Arithmetic 111
ArithmeticAlphabet 111
NotationandNumeration 111
RomanNotation 113
Definitions 113
SignsofOperation 115
UseoftheSignsofOperation 116
Fractions 117
Decimals 122
CompoundNumbers 126
Ratios 127
Proportion 127
RuleofThree 128
Percentage 128
PowersofNumbers(Involution) 129
RootsofNumbers(Evolution) 129
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viii Contents
Measures 131
LinearMeasure 132
SquareMeasure 133
CubicMeasure 133
DryMeasure 135
BoardorLumberMeasure 136
LiquidMeasure 137
MeasuresofWeight 137
TimeMeasure 139
CircularMeasure 139
TheMetricSystem 140
Geometry 142
Lines 142
Angles 142
PlaneFigures 143
Solids 146
GeometricalProblems 146
Mensuration 167
Trigonometry 182
TrigonometricFunctions 182
Functions of Numbers 197
Summary 197
Review Questions 197
Chapter 6 Surveying 199
The Level 199
ConstructionoftheWyeLevel 199
LinesoftheLevel 201
AdjustmentsoftheWyeLevel 202
LevelingRod 205
MethodsofLeveling 206
DirectionsforUsingLevel 209
TrigonometricLeveling 211
The Transit 212
ConstructionoftheTransit 212
LinesofaTransit 218
AdjustmentsoftheTransit 219
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AdjustmentsoftheCompass 221
InstructionsforUsingtheTransit 222
Gradienter 224
CareofInstruments 224
The Stadia 225
Other Devices 226
Laser Levels 227
Summary 232
Review Questions 232
Chapter 7 The Design Process 233
Design Considerations 233
An Example of Design 236
ConferencewithBuilder 236
ChangesAgreedOn 238
Summary 240
Review Questions 241
Chapter 8 Building Specifications 243
Example of Specifications 243
Introduction 243
HeightofCeilings 243
InterpretationofDrawings 244
Conditions 244
Mason’sWork 244
Foundation 245
Chimneys 245
Mortar 245
InstallingDrywall 245
Tiling 245
OtherFloors 246
Coping 246
Timber 246
Framing 246
SpacingandBridging 247
Partitions 247
Lumber 247