Attention, Genes and ADHD PDF
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Attention, Genes, and ADHD Attention, Genes, and ADHD Edited by Florence Levy and David A. Hay Published in 2001 by Brunner-Routledge Published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2021 by Taylor & Francis Associate Editor to Florence Levy and David A. Hay: Jillian Pearsall-Jones Cover design by Sandra Heath Typeset in Times by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Attention, genes and ADHD / editors, Florence Levy, David A. Hay. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–84169–267–0 1. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder—Genetic aspects. 3. Attention. I. Levy, Florence, M.M.B.S. II. Hay, David A. [DNLM: 1. Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity— genetics. 2. Genetics, Medical. 3. Twins. 4. Child. WS 350.8.A8 A8837 2001] RC394.A85 A885 2001 616.85′89042—dc21 00–065135 ISBN 13: 978-1-84169-193-0 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-84169-267-8 (pbk) Cover image: Microsatellite Genotypes. Computer generated image of a polyacrylamide gel run on an Applied Biosystems 377 DNA Sequencer. The gel contains DNA microsatellite markers amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. Each vertical lane contains samples from a single individual for between 6 and 15 different DNA markers. Each marker is labelled with blue, green or yellow fluorescent dye. The markers, which differ in size are separated on the gel according to size, with each coloured band representing a different marker. Size standards, labelled with a red fluorescent dye, are run in each lane in order to calculate the size of the individual bands representing the markers. The microsatellite markers on this gel were used in a genetic linkage analysis study performed at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. To our mothers, Manya Waldman Levy and Patricia Mary McGregor Hay George F. Still, MA, MD Cantab., FRCS Lond. From a speech delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London on 4th, 6th, and 11th March, 1902. Whatever the cause of the defect may be, it seems clear that in these cases there is a morbid limitation of the capacity for the development of moral control, and the fact that this limitation is not necessarily proportionate to the limitation of the capacity for the development of moral control, and the fact that the mental processes involved in moral control may be affected altogether apart from those concerned with more general intellectual acquirements. (G.F. Still, 1902. Some abnormal physical conditions in children. Lancet, I, 1077) Contents List of contributors xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 FLORENCE LEVY 2 Introduction to the genetic analysis of attentional disorders 7 DAVID A. HAY, MICHAEL McSTEPHEN, AND FLORENCE LEVY The aims of behaviour genetics 7 Why are people different? 9 The tools of behaviour genetics 10 An example of genetic analysis of ADHD 14 Is ADHD a continuum or a discrete category? 25 Discussion 30 References 32 3 The diagnostic genetics of ADHD symptoms and subtypes 35 FLORENCE LEVY, MICHAEL McSTEPHEN, AND DAVID A. HAY Introduction 35 Diagnostic genetics 36 Categorical versus dimensional systems 37 Heritability 38 Australian Twin ADHD Project (ATAP) 38 Concordance data 39 Genetic analysis 42 Item analysis 45 Univariate item analysis 46 Multivariate item analysis 49 viii Contents Discussion 52 References 55 4 The developmental genetics of ADHD 58 DAVID A. HAY, MICHAEL McSTEPHEN, AND FLORENCE LEVY Introduction 58 Stability and changes in symptomatology 62 The long-term outcome of ADHD 68 Psychopathology in adult relatives of young people with ADHD 71 Trends in molecular studies 72 Discussion 73 References 76 5 Familial and genetic bases of speech and language disorders 80 BARBARA A. LEWIS The search for phenotype definitions 81 Studies of phenotypes 82 Incidence/prevalence 84 Gender as a risk factor 84 Familial aggregation 85 Studies that suggest a genetic component/genetic studies 85 Comorbid disorders 87 Pilot data 90 Genetic explanations 92 Summary 94 References 94 6 Comorbidity of reading/spelling disability and ADHD 99 JIM STEVENSON Defining reading and spelling disabilities 99 Epidemiological evidence for the high comorbidity of ADHD and RSD 101 Quantitative genetic studies of RSD 104 Molecular genetic studies of RSD 107 Evidence for shared genetic influences on ADHD and RSD 108 Conclusions 110 References 110 Contents ix 7 Causes of the overlap among symptoms of ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Conduct Disorder 115 IRWIN D. WALDMAN, SOO HYUN RHEE, FLORENCE LEVY, AND DAVID A. HAY Method 119 Results 124 Discussion 133 References 136 8 Aetiology of the sex difference in the prevalence of DSM-III-R ADHD: a comparison of two models 139 SOO HYUN RHEE, IRWIN D. WALDMAN, DAVID A. HAY AND FLORENCE LEVY Differences between ADHD boys and girls 139 Sex differences in the prevalence of ADHD 141 Present study 145 Results 151 Discussion 152 References 154 9 Single gene studies of ADHD 157 ALAN ZAMETKIN, MONIQUE ERNST, AND ROBERT COHEN Introduction 157 Genetics 157 Molecular studies 158 Recent studies investigating single genes 161 Gene to brain 162 Fragile-X syndrome 163 References 167 10 Molecular genetics of ADHD 173 CATHY BARR, JAMES SWANSON, AND JAMES KENNEDY Introduction 173 Characterisation of the ADHD phenotype for genetic studies 176 Design of studies for molecular genetics 181 Molecular genetics 182 Genetic data analyses 184 Molecular genetic studies of ADHD 186 Summary and future directions 188 References 189
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