Table Of Content

ATTACKS ON THE AMERICAN PRESS Recent titles in DocumentaRy anD RefeRence GuiDes Victims’ Rights: A Documentary and Reference Guide Douglas E. Beloof Substance Abuse in America: A Documentary and Reference Guide James A. Swartz The Iraq War: A Documentary and Reference Guide Thomas R. Mockaitis Animal Rights and Welfare: A Documentary and Reference Guide Lawrence W. Baker Water Rights and the Environment in the United States: A Documentary and Reference Guide John R. Burch Jr. Endangered Species: A Documentary and Reference Guide Edward P. Weber 9/11 and the War on Terror: A Documentary and Reference Guide Paul J. Springer Vaccination and Its Critics: A Documentary and Reference Guide Lisa Rosner Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Documentary and Reference Guide Priscilla Roberts Modern Slavery: A Documentary and Reference Guide Laura J. Lederer Poverty in the United States: A Documentary and Reference Guide John R. Burch Jr. Afghanistan War: A Documentary and Reference Guide Ryan Wadle Modern Genocide: A Documentary and Reference Guide Paul R. Bartrop Cyber Warfare: A Documentary and Reference Guide Paul J. Springer ATTACKS ON THE AMERICAN PRESS A Documentary and Reference Guide Jessica Roberts and Adam Maksl Documentary and Reference Guides Copyright © 2021 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other- wise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Roberts, Jessica (Jessica Stewart), author. | Maksl, Adam, author. Title: Attacks on the American press : a documentary and reference guide / Jessica Roberts, Adam Maksl. Description: Santa Barbara : Greenwood, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, 2021. | Series: Documentary and reference guides | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020049012 (print) | LCCN 2020049013 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440872563 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781440872570 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Press and politics—United States—History—Sources. | Journalism—Political aspects—United States—History—Sources. | Censorship—United States—History—Sources. | Freedom of the press—United States—History—Sources. | Government and the press—United States—History—Sources. Classification: LCC PN4888.P6.R63 2021 (print) | LCC PN4888.P6 (ebook) | DDC 070.4/49320973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020049012 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020049013 ISBN: 978-1-4408-7256-3 (print) 978-1-4408-7257-0 (ebook) 25 24 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 147 Castilian Drive Santa Barbara, California 93117 www.abc-clio.com This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America CONTENTS Reader’s Guide to Related Documents and Sidebars ix Preface xiii Introduction xvii 1. Threats to the Press during Wartime 1 Document 1. The Sedition Act of 1798 2 Document 2. President Abraham Lincoln’s Executive Order, 1864 7 Document 3. President Woodrow Wilson’s Letter to House Judiciary Committee Chairman, 1917 11 Document 4. The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 15 Document 5. The U.S. Supreme Court’s Decision in Schenck v. United States, 1919 22 Document 6. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Executive Order 8985, 1941 27 Document 7. The U.S. Supreme Court’s Decision in New York Times v. United States, 1971 32 Document 8. Ann Cooper’s Speech on the Press and the War on Terrorism, 2004 40 2. Criticizing the Press as Sensational 45 Document 9. James Fenimore Cooper’s “On the American Press,” 1838 46 Document 10. Robert Ellis Thompson’s “The Age of Newspapers,” 1883 52 Document 11. Brandeis and Warren’s “The Right to Privacy,” 1890 56 v vi Contents Document 12. Excerpts from President Theodore Roosevelt’s Muck-Rake Address, 1906 62 Document 13. James Edward Rogers’s “The American Newspaper,” 1909 69 Document 14. President Harry Truman’s Letter to Dean Acheson, 1955 78 Document 15. Representative Maurice Hinchey’s Statement on Coverage of President Bill Clinton, 1998 82 Document 16. Senator James Inhofe’s Statement about Climate Change Alarmism, 2006 86 3. Legal Attacks on the Press 91 Document 17. The U.S. Supreme Court’s Decision in New York Times v. Sullivan, 1964 92 Document 18. The U.S. Supreme Court’s Decision in Cohen v. Cowles Media Co., 1991 99 Document 19. The Memorandum of Decision in the case of Cochran v. New York Post Holdings, Inc. and Peyser, 1998 105 Document 20. The U.S. Court of Appeals Decision in Food Lion, Inc. v. Capital Cities/ABC, 1999 113 Document 21. Brief for the United States in Judith Miller v. United States, 2005 120 Document 22. The Motion for Injunction in the Case of Terry Bollea v. Gawker Media, 2012 127 Document 23. The Report of the Department of Justice’s Office of Professional Responsibility on Subpoenas of Associated Press Phone Records, 2014 134 Document 24. Statement from the Committee to Protect Journalists on the arrest of Julian Assange, 2019 139 Document 25. Lawsuits Filed by the Donald Trump campaign against News Organizations, 2020 144 4. Physical Attacks on Journalists 151 Document 26. Benjamin Franklin’s Account of the Supremest Court of Judicature, 1789 152 Document 27. The Last Speech of Abolitionist Publisher Elijah Lovejoy, 1837 157 Document 28. Story and Editorial from Canton (OH) Daily News on Their Murdered Editor, 1926 161 Document 29. Excerpts from The Arizona Project about Slain Journalist Don Bolles, 1977 166 Contents vii Document 30. Statement from the Los Angeles Police Department on the Murder of a Citizen Journalist, 2002 170 Document 31. Stories compiled by the Committee to Protect Journalists regarding Chauncey Bailey, 2007 174 Document 32. Editorial published in the Capital Gazette after a Shooting at Their Newsroom, 2018 178 Document 33. President Donald Trump’s Statement on the Murder of Jamal Khashoggi, 2018 181 5. Attacks on Perceived Media Bias 185 Document 34. Editorial in The Atlantic Monthly, 1908 186 Document 35. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Press Conference, 1935 191 Document 36. Statement from Representative Lamar Smith on Media Bias, 2008 196 Document 37. Testimony to the U.S. House from Dan Gainor, 2009 200 Document 38. Statement from Senator Sheldon Whitehouse on Climate Change, 2013 204 Document 39. Paper by Jackie Calmes, “They Don’t Give a Damn about Governing,” 2015 209 Document 40. Willnat, Weaver, and Wilhoit on The American Journalist in the Digital Age, 2017 214 Document 41. Tweets about Fox News and the Democratic National Convention, 2019 219 6. Aspirational Critiques 225 Document 42. Walter Lippmann’s “Journalism and the Higher Law,” 1920 226 Document 43. Hutchins Commission Report on Freedom of the Press, 1947 231 Document 44. Kerner Commission Report on “The News Media and the Disorders,” 1968 238 Document 45. Testimony on Media Coverage of the 2000 Election, 2001 243 Document 46. Interview with Reporters on Civil Rights Coverage, 2004 249 Document 47. Testimony on the Future of Journalism, 2009 254 Document 48. Leonard Downie Jr. and Michael Schudson, Reconstruction of American Journalism, 2009 259 Document 49. Union of Concerned Scientists’ Report on Coverage of Climate Science, 2014 268 viii Contents 7. Politicians Attacking the Press 275 Document 50. President George Washington’s Letter on the Press, 1793 276 Document 51. President Thomas Jefferson’s Letters on Newspapers, 1803 and 1807 280 Document 52. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Press Conference, 1938 286 Document 53. Senator Joseph McCarthy’s Reply to Edward R. Murrow, 1954 293 Document 54. President John F. Kennedy’s Address on the President and the Press, 1961 301 Document 55. President Richard Nixon’s News Conference on Tape Recordings, 1973 308 Document 56. President Barack Obama’s Remarks on Polarized Politics, 2016 314 8. Attacks in the Era of Social Media and Fake News 319 Document 57. President Donald Trump’s Tweets on “Fake News,” 2016–2020 320 Document 58. Statement from the Committee to Protect Journalists about the Trump Presidency, 2016 325 Document 59. President Donald Trump’s “Make America Great Again” Rally in Youngstown, Ohio, 2017 329 Document 60. Opposition to the SESTA-FOSTA Act, 2017 335 Document 61. The Journalist Protection Act, 2018 339 Document 62. Senator Jeff Flake’s Statement on “Truth and Democracy,” 2018 344 Document 63. Coordinated Editorials Condemning President Trump, 2018 350 Document 64. Department of Justice’s Announcement of Charges against Cesar Sayoc, 2018 354 Document 65. Announcements of Hiring and Removal of Press Secretary Stephanie Grisham, 2019–2020 360 Document 66. U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo’s Statement about an NPR Reporter, 2020 364 Chronology 367 Bibliography 371 Index 381 READER’S GUIDE TO RELATED DOCUMENTS AND SIDEBARS Attacks by the President Suspending a Reporter’s Press Pass [sidebar] A Trump Administration Attempt at Prior Restraint President George Washington’s Letter on the Press, 1793 [sidebar] President Thomas Jefferson’s Letters on Newspapers, 1803 and 1807 Attacks by Other Politicians and Government Officials President Abraham Lincoln’s Executive Order, 1864 President Theodore Roosevelt’s Muck-Rake Address, 1906 Benjamin Franklin’s Account of the Supremest Court of Judicature, 1789 President Woodrow Wilson’s Letter to House Judiciary Committee Chairman, 1917 Senator Joseph McCarthy’s Reply to Edward R. Murrow, 1954 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Press Conference, 1935 Representative Maurice Hinchey’s Statement on Coverage of President Bill Clinton, 1998 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Press Conference, 1938 Senator James Inhofe’s Statement about Climate Change Alarmism, 2006 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Executive Order 8985, 1941 Statement from Representative Lamar Smith on Media Bias, 2008 President Harry Truman’s Letter to Dean Acheson, 1955 Statement from Senator Sheldon Whitehouse on Climate President John F. Kennedy’s Address on the President and Change, 2013 the Press, 1961 Tweets about Fox News and the Democratic National President Richard Nixon’s News Conference on Tape Convention, 2019 Recordings, 1973 Announcements of Hiring and Removal of Press Secretary President Barack Obama’s Remarks on Polarized Politics, Stephanie Grisham, 2019–2020 2016 U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo’s Statement about an Statement from President Donald J. Trump on Standing NPR reporter, 2020 with Saudi Arabia, 2018 Spiro Agnew’s Attacks on Providing Analysis [sidebar] President Donald Trump’s Tweets on “Fake News,” 2016–2020 Praising an Attack on a Journalist [sidebar] President Donald Trump’s “Make America Great Again” Rally in Youngstown, Ohio, 2017 Press Access during the Impeachment Trial of Donald Trump [sidebar] Lawsuits filed by the Donald Trump campaign against News Organizations, 2020 Dictators and the Press [sidebar] Criticism of the President after September 11th [sidebar] Coronavirus Press Briefings [sidebar] ix