Attachment-Based Clinical Work with Children and Adolescents PDF
Preview Attachment-Based Clinical Work with Children and Adolescents
Essential Clinical Social Work Series SeriesEditor CarolTosone Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8115 Joanna Ellen Bettmann • Donna Demetri Friedman Editors Attachment-Based Clinical Work with Children and Adolescents 2123 Editors Dr.JoannaEllenBettmann DonnaDemetriFriedman CollegeofSocialWork SilverSchoolofSocialWork UniversityofUtah NewYorkUniversity SaltLakeCity,Utah,USA NewYork,USA ISBN978-1-4614-4847-1 ISBN978-1-4614-4848-8(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-4848-8 SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012952410 © SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection withreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Contents Attachment-BasedClinicalWorkwithChildrenandAdolescents ....... 1 JoannaEllenBettmannandDonnaDemetriFriedman PartI AttachmentTheoryandResearchwithChildren ObservingDevelopment:AComparativeViewofAttachment TheoryandSeperation–IndividuationTheory ........................ 9 IngaBlomandAnniBergman SecuringAttachment:Mother–InfantResearchInforms Attachment-BasedClinicalPractice ................................. 45 DonnaDemetriFriedman,LeylaErtegun,TinaLupi,BeatriceBeebe andSaraDeutsch UsingModernAttachmentTheorytoGuideClinicalAssessments ofEarlyAttachmentRelationships .................................. 61 AllanN.SchoreandRuthP.Newton PartII Attachment-BasedClinicalWorkwithChildren andAdolescents Becoming BabyWatchers: AnAttachment-BasedVideo Intervention inaCommunityMentalHealthCenter .............................. 99 DonnaDemetriFriedman, SaraDeutsch, LeylaErtegun, StephanieCarlson, MayraEstrada,MarkSturgeon,HillaryMayersandElizabethBuckner Trauma-FocusedChild–ParentPsychotherapyinaCommunity PediatricClinic:ACross-DisciplinaryCollaboration .................. 115 ToddS.Renschler,AliciaF.Lieberman,MiriamHernandezDimmler andNadineBurkeHarris TheEssentialRoleoftheBodyintheParent–InfantRelationship: NonverbalAnalysisofAttachment................................... 141 SuziTortora v vi Contents Gems Hidden in Plain Sight: Peer Play Psychotherapy Nourishes RelationshipsandGrowthAcrossDevelopmentalDomainsAmong YoungChildren ................................................... 165 RebeccaShahmoon-Shanok,OzlemBekar,EmilyFried andMiriamSteele TheImpactofInterventionPointsofEntryonAttachment-Based ProcessesofTheraupeuticChangewithPrepubertalChildren .......... 193 GeoffGoodman AttachmentProcessesinWildernessTherapy......................... 219 JoannaEllenBettmannandIsaacKarikari PartIII BuildingCapacityforAttachment-BasedClinicalWork From Out of Sight, Out of Mind to In Sight and In Mind: Enhancing Reflactive Capacities in a Group Attachment-Based Intervention ...................................................... 237 AnneMurphy,MiriamSteeleandHowardSteele Implementing Attachment Theory in the Child Welfare System: ClinicalImplicationsandOrganizationalConsiderations .............. 259 SusanneBennettandWendyWhitingBlome Index ............................................................ 285 Contributors Beatrice Beebe College of Physicians & Surgeons at Columbia University, New YorkStatePsychiatricInstitute,NewYork,NY,USA Ozlem Bekar Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research, NewYork,NY,USA RelationshipsforGrowthandLearningProgram,JBFCS,NewYork,NY,USA Susanne Bennett The National Catholic School of Social Service, The Catholic UniversityofAmerica,Washington,DC,USA Anni Bergman TheAnni Bergman Parent Infant Program, NewYork University Postdoctoral Program in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis, NewYork Freudian Society,InstituteforPsychoanalyticTrainingandResearch,NewYork,NY,USA Joanna Ellen Bettmann College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA OpenSkyWildernessTherapy,Durango,Colorado,USA IngaBlom TheNewYorkPsychoanalyticInstituteandLenoxHillHospital,New York,NY,USA WendyWhitingBlome NationalCatholicSchoolofSocialService,TheCatholic UniversityofAmerica,Washington,DC,USA ElizabethBuckner RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA StephanieCarlson RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA SaraDeutsch RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA Miriam Hernandez Dimmler Child Trauma Research Program, San Francisco GeneralHospital,SanFrancisco,CA,USA LeylaErtegun RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA MayraEstrada RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA EmilyFried EarlyChildhoodCenter,AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine,Bronx, NY,USA vii viii Contributors DonnaDemetriFriedman RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA SilverSchoolofSocialWork,NewYorkUniversity,NY,USA GeoffGoodman ClinicalPsychologyDoctoralProgram, LongIslandUniversity, Brookville,NY,USA Nadine Burke Harris Bayview Child Health Center, California Pacific Medical Center,SanFrancisco,CA,USA Isaac Karikari College of SocialWork, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Alicia F. Lieberman Child Trauma Research Program, San Francisco General Hospital,SanFrancisco,CA,USA TinaLupi PrivatePractice,NewYork,NY,USA HillaryMayers RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA Anne Murphy Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx,NY,USA RuthP.Newton NewtonCenterforAffectRegulation,LaJolla,CAandSt.Vincent dePaulVillage,SanDiego,CA,USA Todd S. Renschler Child Trauma Research Program, San Francisco General Hospital,SanFrancisco,CA,USA Allan N. Schore Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA DavidGeffenSchoolofMedicine,LosAngeles,CA,USA Rebecca Shahmoon-Shanok Institute for Infants, Children and Families, Jewish BoardofFamilyandChildren’sServices,NewYork,NY,USA HowardSteele DepartmentofPsychology,NewSchoolforSocialResearch,New York,NY,USA MiriamSteele DepartmentofDepartmentofPsychology, NewSchoolforSocial Research,NewYork,NY,USA MarkSturgeon RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA SuziTortora DancingDialogue:HealingandExpressiveArts,NewYork,NY,USA Attachment-Based Clinical Work with Children and Adolescents JoannaEllenBettmannandDonnaDemetriFriedman Attachmenttheorywasfoundedonthenotionthatchildhoodrelationalexperiences create lasting impacts on our expectations for future relationships, emotion regu- lation, and even general mental health. Bowlby believed that humans’ needs for relationshipswereinstinctualandsurvival-driven(Bowlby1958).Consideringother researchandotherspecies,Bowlbyconcludedthatweneedourmothers,ourprimary caregiver,withoutwhomwewilldie.Heconceptualizedthatinfantcrying,suckling andclingingcementedthechild’stietothemother(Bowlby1958). Bowlby also made assertions about what happened to children who lacked empathiccaregivers.In“Forty-FourJuvenileThieves:TheirCharactersandHome- Life,” Bowlby (1944/1946, p. 20) argued that maternal attitudes toward their children—both conscious and unconscious—impacted the child’s development: “... in several cases sympathetic discussions with the mothers of the children re- vealedthattheirapparentlovefortheirchildwasonlyoneaspectoftheirfeelingsfor him.Oftenanintense,thoughperhapsunadmitted,dislikeandrejectionofhimalso cametolight”.Hedrewlinksbetweenthosematernalfeelingsandchildren’sdelin- quency.Healsopositedthatchildren’semotionaltrauma“meanfarmoretochildren thanmostgrown-upsconceivepossible”(Bowlby1944/1946,p.20).Bowlby’sdec- larationabouttheimpactofcaregiversandtraumaonchildrenwasnovelandadded significantlytotheprevailingdialogueonthementalhealthofchildren. Where children were once thought to be simply resilient blank slates, Bowlby encouragedpractitionerstoseechildrenasorganizingthemselvesaroundtheircare- giversinsuchawaythatnegativelyimpactstochildren’spersonalitieswaspossible if stable, available, empathic caregivers were not there. Bowlby created a theory J.E.Bettmann((cid:2)) CollegeofSocialWork,UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,USA OpenSky WildernessTherapy,Durango,Colorado,USA e-mail:[email protected] D.D.Friedman RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NewYork,NY,USA SilverSchoolofSocial Work,NewYorkUniversity,NewYork,NY,USA J.E.Bettmann,D.D.Friedman(eds.),Attachment-BasedClinicalWorkwith 1 ChildrenandAdolescents,EssentialClinicalSocialWorkSeries, DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-4848-8_1,©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013 2 J.E.BettmannandD.D.Friedman whichallowedpractitionerstoseechildren’swoundsmoreclearly.Hiswork,along with the video contributions of James and Joyce Robertson, made the impacts of problematiccaregivingvisibleonourchildpopulations. TheimplicationsofBowlby’sideascontinuetoresoundthroughthementalhealth community.Theyearssincehaveyieldedground-breakingresearchdefiningattach- menttypes(Ainsworthetal.1978),exploringthelongitudinalstabilityofsuchtypes (Hamilton 2000; Grossman et al. 2005; Waters et al. 2000; Weinfield et al. 2004) andtheimplicationsofsuchfindingsforclinicalsettings(Sable2000;Slade2008; Wallin2007).WhileweknownowthatmuchofwhatBowlbypositedwastrue,we are still discovering the value of such findings for our clinical work with children andadolescents.Ourbookexploreshowattachmenttheoryisbeingusedinclinical settings throughout the country. It presents chapters relevant to work with infants andtoddlers,childrenandadolescents.Howcanwetranslatewhatweknowabout attachmenttheoryandresearchintopractice?Ourchapterauthorshaveattemptedto answerthisquestion. IngaBloomandAnniBergmanofferthefirstchapterwhichcomparesandcon- trasts Margaret Mahler’s theory of separation–individuation and John Bowlby’s attachment theory. This chapter entitled, “Observing Development: A Compara- tiveView ofAttachmentTheory and Separation–IndividuationTheory,” highlights how these theories contradict or compete with each other. While they were devel- opedindifferentcontexts,usedifferentmethodologicalapproaches,andemphasize differentaspectsofpsychologicaldevelopment,thetwotheoriesshareanumberof importantaspects.Thisisanimportantchapterbecausethereisrenewedinterestin understandinghowthesetheoriescantogetherexplaintheprocessofchilddevelop- ment. Both theories place emphasis on real events in the infant’s life. In addition, boththeorieswerepioneeringintheirrelianceonobservation.Theirsharedprospec- tiveratherthanretrospectiveapproachesarealsounique.Adeeperunderstandingof howthesetheoriescomplementeachotherinformsouruseoftheminclinicalwork withchildrenandadolescents. In the next chapter entitled “Securing Attachment: Mother–Infant Theory and ResearchInformsAttachment-basedClinicalWorkwithChildren,”DonnaDemetri Friedman, LeylaErtegun,TinaLupi, BeatriceBeebe, andSaraDeutschshowhow early theorists paved the way for a deeper understanding of the importance of the parent–childrelationship(Bowlby1958, 1960;Winnicott1953, 1956, 1965). This chaptertraceshowtheoryledtoresearchandhowthat,inturn,impactedclinicalwork with children. The authors present a case example to illustrate how mother–infant researchinformsaparent–childtreatmentapproach.Thecaseisanalyzedinrelation tomother–infanttheoriesandresearch,andclinicalimplicationsarediscussed. Inthenextchapterentitled“UsingModernAttachmentTheorytoGuideClinical AssessmentsofEarlyAttachmentRelationships”byAllanSchoreandRuthNewton, theauthorspresentareviewofrecentresearchonmother–infantrightbrain-to-right brain interaction and development. The chapter offers a case example to illustrate theseclinicallyimportantneurobiologicconcepts.Acriticalcomponentofthischap- ter is its description of modern attachment theory’s combination of biology and psychoanalysisandhowitsconceptscanbeusedinclinicalworkwithchildren.
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