Atmospheric Water Vapor PDF
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ACADEMIC PRESS RAPID MANUSCRIPT REPRODUCTION Co-Sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, under Department of Navy Research Grant No. N00014-79-G-0043, Naval Air Systems Command, Naval Research Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, National Science Foundation, University of Maryland, and the Institute for Atmospheric Optics and Remote Sensing. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Atmospheric Water Vapor Held in Vail, Colorado, September 11-13, 1979 ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR Edited by Adarsh Deepak Institute for Atmospheric Optics and Remote Sensing Hampton, Virginia Thomas D. Wilkerson Institute for Physical Sciences and Technology University of Maryland College Park, Maryland Lothar H. Ruhnke Atmospheric Physics Branch Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC ACADEMIC PRESS 1980 A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Toronto Sydney San Francisco COPYRIGHT © 1980, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 80-26916 ISBN 0-12-208440-3 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 80 81 82 83 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PARTICIPANTS Leo Alpert Army Research Office, Box 12211, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 Ferdinand Baer Meteorology Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 Peter L. Bender JILA/NBS/Code 525, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309 Richard Bird SERI, 1536 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80227 R. A. Bohlander Georgia Institute of Technology, Engineering Experiment Station, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 M. H. Bortner General Electric Co. Space Sciences Laboratory, P. O. Box 8555, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101 Edward V. Browell NASA-Langley Research Center, MS 401 A, Hampton, Virginia 23665 Douglas R. Brown US Army Atmospheric Science Laboratory, DELAS-EO- ME, WSMP, New Mexico 88002 Arden Buck NCAR, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307 Darreil E. Burch Ford Aerospace and Communication Corporation, Ford Road, P. O. Box A, Newport Beach, California 92663 A. W. Castleman Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309 E. Scott Claflin Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 11234 Catalina Court, Cupertino, California 95014 S. F. Clifford NOAA/ERL/ IVPL, 3100 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303 Shepard A. Clough AFGL/OPI, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01730 Tony Colley Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 John Cooney Physics Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania 19104 R. E. Daniels Atmospheric Physics Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 Adarsh Deepak Institute for Atmospheric Optics and Remote Sensing, P. O. Box P, Hampton, Virginia 23666 Vernon Derr NOAA/ERL/WPL, R45.3, Boulder, Colorado 80302 IX X PARTICIPANTS L. Samuel Ditman, Jr. Naval Surface Weapons Center, Code R-42, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 Anne Douglass Physics Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 James A. Dowling Optical Science Division Code 5567, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 Robert Drullinger NBS, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80303 Dieter Ehhalt Institute for Chemistry, Nuclear Reactor Research Station, P. O. Box 1913, B5170 Julich 1, W. Germany Hugh W. Ellsaesser Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, P. O. Box 808 (L-262), Livermore, California 94550 Richard S. Eng Laser Analytics, Inc., 25 Wiggins Avenue, Bedford, Massa- chusetts 01730 F. Fehsenfeid NOAA/ERL, Room 3522, Boulder, Colorado 80303 James W. Fitzgerald Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 J. M. Flaud Lab. de Physique Moléculaire et d'Optique Atmospheric, CNRS, But. 221, Campus d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France J. J. Gallagher Georgia Institute of Technology, Engineering Experiment Station, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 V. K. Garde Space Applications Centre I IS, Jodhpur, Tekra, SAC P. O., Ahmedabad-380053, India H. Alistair Gebbie Appleton Lab, Ditton Park, Slough, Bucks SL3 9JX, England Siegfried Gerstl Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, MS-269, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Gary G. Gimmestad Keweenaw Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931 Donald E. Hagen Center for Cloud Physics Research, University of Missouri- Rolla, 107 Norwood Hall, Rolla, Missouri 65401 Bob Hammond Head, Chemistry Department, Panametrics, Inc. 221 Cres- cent Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154 Stephen T. Hanley Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5567, Washington, DC 20375 John C. Harding, Jr. General Eastern Instruments, 36 Maple Street, Water- town, Massachusetts 02172 Sab Hasegawa National Bureau of Standards, Building 221-B25 2, Washing- ton, DC 20234 Ronald W. Hellings Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91103 R. J. Hill NOAA/ERL/ WPL, Boulder, Colorado 80302 D. Hogg Environmental Radiometry, NOAA/ WPL/R45X4, Boulder, Colo- rado 80303 Robert D. Hudson TVASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 624, Green- belt, Maryland 20771 PARTICIPANTS χι John R. Hummel Physics Department, General Motors Research Labora- tory, Warren, Michigan 48090 Kolf Jayaweera Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbankss, Alaska 97701 Ramesh K. Kakar Code EBT-8, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 J. L. Kassner Center for Cloud Physics Research, University of Missouri- Rolla, 109 Norwood Hall, Rolla, Missouri 65401 Dennis Killinger MIT-Lincoln Laboratory, P. O. Box 73/Room C-128, Lexington, Massachusetts 02173 J. E. Klemp NCAR, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80303 Dieter Kley NOAAjAeronomy Laboratory, Mail Code R-448, Boulder, Colorado 80303 Peter M. Kuhn NOAA/ERL Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry/R31, Boulder, Colorado 80302 Jack B. Kumer Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Electro Optics Laboratory, Department 52-54, Building 202, 3251 Hanover Street, Palo Alto, California 94304 W. S. Llewellen Aeronautical Research Association, P. O. Box 2229, Prince- ton, New Jersey 18540 D. T. Llewellyn-Jones Appleton Lab, Ditton Park, Slough, Bucks SL3 9JX, England Hans J. Liebe U.S. Department of Commerce, NTIA/ITS3, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80303 Ronald Long Department of Electrical Engineering, Ohio State University, 2015 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 A. Lorenc European Center for Medium, Range Forecasting, Shinfield Park, Reading, Berkshire RG2 9AX, England H. J. Mastenbrook Atmospheric Physics Branch, Naval Research Labora- tory, Washington, DC 20375 King McCubbin Department of Physics, Davey Laboratory, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Volker Mohnen Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, SUNY-Albany- Room ES-324, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222 Christian Mueller Belgium Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium Richard M. Nadile AFGLjOptical Physics Division, Radiation Effects Branch, Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts 01731 Ira G. Nolt NOAA/ERL/Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80303 Robert J. Nordstrom Electro-Science Laboratory, Ohio State University, 1320 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212 John J. Olivero Ionosphere Research Laboratory, Penn State University/318 EEE, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Samuel J. Oltmans NOAA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80303 XII PARTICIPANTS William A. Page NASA-Ames Research Center, Atmospheric Experiment Branch, Moffett Field, California 94035 D. J. Perkey NCAR, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307 K. J. Petri Naval Air Development Center, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974 Herbert Picket J PL 14800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91103 Julian Pike NCAR, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307 Vernon Plank AFGL/LYC, Hanscom Air Force Base, Bedford, Massa- chusetts 01731 Patricia L. M. Plummer Cloud Physics Research, University of Missouri- Rolla, 109 Norwood Hall, Rolla, ML·souri 65401 C. Prabhakara NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 915, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 George M. Resch Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91103 Juergen H. Richter Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code 532, San Diego, California 92152 James W. Rodgers (AEE-300 ) Field Measurements Branch, High Altitude Pollution Program, Federal Aviation Admintàration, 800 Independence Ave, SW, Washington, DC 20591 Al Rodi Dept. of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, P. O. Box 3038, University Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 Lothar H. Runhke A tmospheric Physics Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 David A. Salstein Environmental Research and Technology, Inc., 696 Vir- ginia Road, Concord, Massachusetts 01742 F. J. Schmidlin NASA- Wallops Flight Center, Wallops Island, Virginia23337 George Schuster Battelle-Northwest Laboratories, P. O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352 John E. A. Selby Grumman Aerospace Corporation, Research Department A08-35, Bethpage, New York 11714 Michael S. Shumate Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91103 Joseph Sirutis GFDL/NOAA/Princeton University, P. O. Box 308, Prince- ton, New Jersey 08540 Henry Smith Vmdyne, Inc., 19 Third Avenue, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803 Robert L. Spellicy Science Applications, Inc. P. O. Drawer E, WSMR, New Mexico 88002 Patrick Squires NCAR, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307 Ned Stone NCAR, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307 Scott Strobel University of Maryland, I. P. S. T., College Park, Maryland 20742 Sung Ho Suck Cloud PhysicsUniversity of ML· souri-Rolla, 109 Norwood t Hall, Rolla, ML·souri 65401 Starley Thompson NCAR, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307 PARTICIPANTS XIII Robert A. Toth NASA-Headquarters, Code EBT-8, Washington, DC 20546 Tom Vonder Haar A tmospheric Science Department, Colorado State Univer- sity, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Stephen Warren NCAR, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307 Joe W. Waters Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91103 Ed R. Westwater NOAA/ERL/ WPL/R45X4,325 Broadway, Boulder, Colo- rado 80302 Kenneth O. White Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, U S. Army ERADCOM, ATTN: DELAS-AS-P, WSMR, New Mexico 88002 Thomas D. Wilkerson University of Maryland, I. P. S. T, College Park, Maryland 20742 Barbara Williams Pacific Missile Test Center, Geophysics Division, Code 325331, Point Mugu, California 93042 Warren J. Wiscombe NCAR, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80307 Tom Yoksas Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, P. O. Box 3038/ University Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 Glenn K. Yue institute for Atmospheric Optics and Remote Sensing, P. O. Box P, Hampton, Virginia 23666 R. A. Zalabsky Cloud Physics, University of Missouri-Rolla, 109 Norwood Hall, Rolla, Missouri 65401 PREFACE This volume contains the technical proceedings of the International Workshop on Atmospheric Water Vapor held in Vail, Colorado, September 11-13, 1979. The workshop was organized to bring together researchers in various related fields to assess the present state-of-the-art in measurement, modeling, and application of atmospheric water vapor properties and to identify those important problems in which further effort, in the near future, is needed for better understanding of the atmosphere itself, and of electromagnetic propa- gation through the atmosphere. One hundred and eleven scientists from universities, government agencies, research laboratories, and industry in the United States, England, France, Germany, and India attended the Workshop in which forty five papers were presented. Complete texts of thirty nine of these papers and some selected discussions are included in this volume. Atmospheric water vapor plays an important role in many atmospheric processes, such as those related to weather, climate, atmospheric chemistry, radiative transfer, electrooptic imaging, and remote sensing. Knowledge of the global distribution of water vapor and its transport, optical properties (absorption and emission) in the infrared and microwave regions, and influence on electromagnetic propagation, are of particular interest to a wide range of scientific disciplines. The workshop program was divided into seven paper presentation sessions, one open discussion and one panel session. Thirty invited and fifteen con- tributed papers covering the various aspects of atmospheric water vapor were presented in the seven sessions under the excellent guidance of the session chairmen, as indicated: S. A. Clough, Optics and Spectroscopy of Water Vapor; H. J. Liebe, Microwave and Millimeter Wave Phenomena; G. M. Resch, Geoastrophysical Applications; P. M. Kuhn, In Situ Measurements of Water Vapor; V. E. Derr, Remote Sensing of Water Vapor; F. Baer, Meteorology of Water Vapor; V. Mohnen, Atmospheric Chemistry and Microphysics of Water Vapor. The papers discussed the current state of knowledge, as well as the results of the latest investigations in specific areas of research. The moderators for the open and panel discussion sessions were A. Gebbie and V. Mohnen, respectively. Ample time was allowed for discussions following each paper and in the discussion sessions. Discussions were recorded and the transcripts post-edited. To ensure proper representation of major disciplines involved, a Technical Program Committee, composed of the following individuals, was set up: A. xv XVI PREFACE Deepak, Institute for Atmospheric Optics and Remote Sensing (IFAORS), Associate Chairman; L. H. Ruhnke, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Cochairman; T. D. Wilkerson, University of Maryland, Cochairman; K. Jayaweera, National Science Foundation (NSF); P. M. Kuhn, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); G. M. Resch, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); J. Rogers, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA); and S. Tilford, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Head- quarters. The workshop was cosponsored by Naval Research Laboratory, Naval Air Systems Command, Office of Naval Research (ONR), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, National Science Foundation, University of Maryland, and the Institute for Atmospheric Optics and Remote Sensing. The editors wish to acknowledge the enthusiastic support and cooperation of the members of the Technical Program Committee, session chairmen, speakers, and participants for making this a very stimulating and highly beneficial workshop for everyone. Special thanks are due the authors for their cooperation in enabling a prompt publication of the workshop proceedings. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the valuable assistance of IFAORS staff, especially, Sherry Allen, Sue Crotts, and June Ewing, in the smooth organization of the workshop, and H. Mulcahy and M. Goodwin in preparing and typing of the manuscripts. The editors hope this volume will be a useful contribution to the field of atmospheric water vapor and serve as a reference volume for many years to come. A dar s h Deepak Thomas D. Wilkerson Lothar H. Ruhnke
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