Atmospheric Physics from Spacelab: Proceedings of the 11th ESLAB Symposium, Organized by the Space Science Department of the European Space Agency, Held at Frascati, Italy, 11–14 May 1976

413 Pages·1976·14.81 MB·English

by  L. Thomas (auth.)

ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS FROM SPACELAB
ASTROPHYSICS AND
SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY
A SERIES OF BOOKS ON THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
OF SPACE SCIENCE AND OF GENERAL GEOPHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS
PUBLISHED IN CONNECTION WITH THE JOURNAL
SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS
Editorial Board
J. E. BLAMONT, Laboratoire d'Aeronomie, Verrieres, France
R. L. F. BOYD, University College, London, England
L. GOLDBERG, Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Ariz., U.S.A.
C. DE JAGER, University of Utrecht, Holland
Z. KOPAL, University of Manchester, Manchester, England
G. H. LUDWIG, NOAA, National Environmental Satellite Service, Suitland, Md., U.S.A.
R. LUST, President Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften, Munchen, F.R.G.
B. M. MCCORMAC, Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Palo Alto, Calif., U.s.A.
H. E. NEWELL, NASA, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
L. I. SEDOV, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Z. SVIiSTKA, American Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Mass., U.s.A.
VOLUME 61
PROCEEDINGS
ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS
FROM SPACELAB
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11th ESLAB SYMPOSIUM,
ORGANIZED BY THE SPACE SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
OF THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY,
HELD AT FRASCA TI, IT AL Y, 11-14 MAY 1976
Edited by
J. J. BURGER and A. PEDERSEN
ESA Space Science Department (ESLAB)
and
B. BATTRICK
ESA Scientific and Technical Publications Branch
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
DORDRECHT-HOLLAND /BOSTON-U.S.A.
ISBN-13:97S-94-0l0-1530-1 e-ISBN-13:97S-94-0l0-152S-S
DOl: I0.1007/97S-94-01O-152S-S
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company,
P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada and Mexico
by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc.
Lincoln Building, 160 Old Derby Street, Hingham,
Mass. 02043, U.S.A.
All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 1976 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1976
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
TABLE OF
CONTE~TS
PREFACE IX
OPENING ADDRESS XI
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS XV
SESSION 1
THE ATMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE BELOW 150 km
L. Thomas
SOME OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS IN THE NEUTRAL AND IONIZED
ATMOSPHERE BETWEEN 60 AND 150 km ALTITUDE 3
Peter M. Banks
HIGH-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS (Abstract) 19
V. Domingo
SOLAR RADIATION VARIATION AND CLIMATE 21
R. Bernard
MAREES ET ONDES PLANETAIRES DANS LA BASSE THERMOSPHERE ET
LA HAUTE MESOSPHERE 43
Michel Blanc and Paul Amayenc
CONTRIBUTION OF INCOHERENT SCATTER RADARS TO THE STUDY OF
MIDDLE AND LOW LATITUDE IONOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELDS 61
SESSION 2
THE OZONOSPHERE
T.M. Donahue
BASIC PROCESSES IN THE STRATOSPHERE AND THE MESOSPHERE
(Abstract) 93
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ivar S.A. Isaksen
CHEMICAL MODELS OF THE NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERE 95
M. Ackerman
MEASUREMENTS OF MINOR CONSTITUENTS IN THE STRATOSPHERE 107
A. Vidal-Madjar, R.G. Roble, W.G. !iankin,G. Artzner,
R.M. Bonnet, P. Lemaire, and J.C. Vial
HIGH-RESOLUTION ATMOSPHERIC EXTINCTION MEASUREMENTS FROM THE
FRENCH EXPERIMENT ON BOARD THE NASA SPACECRAFT OSO-8 117
M. Anderegg, J.E.Beckman, A.F.M. Moorwood, H.H. Hippelein,
J.P. Baluteau, E. Bussoletti, A. Marten, and N. Coron
HIGH-R~rOLUTION ATMQrPHERIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY AT
120 cm AND 535 cm WITH A RAPID-SCAN INTERFEROMETER AND
91 cm AIRBORNE TELESCOPE 129
Erwin Schanda, Joachim Fulde, and Klaus Kunzi
MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDING OF STRATOSPHERE AND MESOSPHERE 135
SESSION 3
METEOROLOGY IN THE IONOSPHERE AND STRATOSPHERE
Hans-Jurgen Bolle
CRITICAL CLIMATE PARAMETERS AND THEIR MONITORING FROM SPACE 149
R.J. Murgatroyd, A. O'Neill, and S.A. Clough
STRATOSPHERIC MODELS 171
J.T. Houghton
REVIEW OF OBSERVATIONS FROM METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES
(Abstract) 199
SESSION 4
SPACELAB FACILITIES FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH
J.J. Burger
SPACELAB AS AN ORBITING ATMOSPHERIC LABORATORY 203
D. Dale
THE DESIGN OF A SPACELAB LIDAR FACILITY 215
G. Fiocco, W. Renger, and L. Thomas
SPACELAB-BORNE LIDAR - SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES 237
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
A. Pedersen
SUB SATELLITES FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 255
J.E. Harries
THE ROLE OF PASSIVE SOUNDER PACKAGES ON SPACELAB 265
Andrew F. Nagy
A REVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE
EXPERIMENTS FOR AMPS (Abstract) 277
SESSION 5
EXPERIMENTS FROM SPACELAB
M. Blanc, P. Bauer, and G. Lejeune
FIELD ALIGNED CURRENTS MEASURED BY INCOHERENT SCATTER ON
BOARD THE SPACELAB 281
Gerhard H. Ruppersberg and Wolfgang Renger
MONITORING OF THE TROPOSPHERICAL AEROSOL USING A
SPACELAB-BORNE LIDAR SYSTEM 297
S.P. Gupta
INVESTIGATION OF PLASMA INSTABILITIES IN EQUl.TORIAL 'SPREAD F'
BY LANGMUIR PROBE USING SPACELAB (Abstract) 315
J.E. Blamont, G. Megie, and M.-L. Chanin
ATMOSPHERIC EXPERIMENTS WITH THE SPACELAB.LIDAR:
A DISCUSSION OF THE MAJOR FEATURES OF THE METHOD 317
A. Bonetti, B. Carli, F. Mencaraglia, J.E. Harries,
M.J. Bangham, and D.H. Martin
FAR' INFRARED FOURIER SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF THE
EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE FROM SPACELAB 329
G. Moreels and C. Muller
INFRARED OBSERVATION OF NONTHERMAL EMISSIONS FROM
SPACELAB 339
P. Rothwell, J. Crawford, and N. Benjamin
IMAGE INTENSIFYING TV OBSERVATIONS IN THE 1975
SPACELAB ASSESS MISSION 343
Gerhard Schmidtke
EUV-VISUAL MEASUREMENTS FROM SPACELAB 357
G. Witt and J. Stegman
AN INVESTIGATION OF MINOR CONSTITUENTS FROM SPACELAB 361
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
Francesco Paresce
ULTRAVIOLET OBSERVATIONS OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE FROM
SPACELAB 367
E. Redemann, H.-J. Bolle and D. Offermann
PASSIVE SOUNDING EXPERIMENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE GAS CONCENTRATIONS 389
T.M. Donahue
OPTICAL ABSORPTION TECHNIQUES (Abstract) 401
GENERAL DISCUSSION (SUMMARY) 403
INDEX OF AUTHORS 409
PREFACE
The European Space Agency (ESA) is presently developing Spacelab,
a general-purpose re-usable laboratory to be flown in the cargo
bay of the Space Shuttle Orbiter being developed in parallel by
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
The first flight of Spacelab is scheduled for 1980.
Spacelab's ability to support large, heavy instruments, to provi
de high levels of electrical power, and to give scientists direct
access to their experiments in space will provide uni~ue oppor
tunities for advanced studies in many disciplines of space science.
One of the fields in which considerable discussion on the novel
opportunities is taking place is atmospheric physics. The possi
bilities of using active sounding techni~ues and carrying out co
ordinated investigations with instruments with large apertures
and long focal lengths on a global scale offer good prospects for
obtaining fundamentally new information on the stratosphere, meso
sphere and lower thermosphere. It is this build-up of interest
that prompted ESA's Space Science Department (ESLAB) to devote its
eleventh annual symposium to 'Atmospheric Physics from Spacelab' .
Because the discussions in the international scientific community
on this subject are now continuing apace, speed of pUblication of
the symposium proceedings has been given high priority and we
have therefore opted for direct reproduction of author's type
scripts. We hope that these proceedings will serve as a timely
review of the scientific aims and experimental techni~ues of
atmospheric physics in the light of the opportunities furnished
by Spacelab.
The Editors
OPENING ADDRESS
by Head of Space Science Department, ESA.
The Space Science Department of ESA (formerly ESLAB) exists in
order to provide internationally acceptable projects scientists
for ESA's scientific programme. In order to attract scientists of
sufficient calibre and to maintain their competence in a field
of fast changing experimental techniques Space Science Department
operates its own internal research programme. This is organised
around four scientific Divisions which have evolved over the last
ten years in response to changes of direction in the overall ESA
scientific programme. At present these Divisions are the Cosmic
Ray Division, the Space Plasma Physics Division, the High Energy
Astrophysics Division and the Astronomy Division. It can be seen
that a very broad range of disciplines is covered by only twenty
three scientists.
Within the broad range covered there is, however, no atmos
pheric science. ESRO some years ago decided that it should not
attempt to compete in certain fields and from that time planetary
science and atmospheric science were deliberately excluded. (ESRO
did, however, fly one outstandingly successful atmospheric experi
ment, the s80 mass spectrometer, on its ESRO IV spacecraft.) But
when that decision was made the idea of Spacelab in Europe had not
been born. It would now seem inconceivable to exclude atmospheric
science from a space programme which may have to depend to a large
extent on Spacelab in the 1980's.
Although it is clearly not possible to switch people and
laboratory research as easily or speedily as it is to switch plan
ning of the ESA programme, we felt that this year the annual
ESLAB Symposium should be essentially educational from the point
of view of an SSD staff member.