Atmospheric Ozone Dynamics: Observations in the Mediterranean Region

342 Pages·1997·18.863 MB·English

by  Peter Borrell, Peter Builtjes, Peringe Grennfelt, Øystein Hov (auth.), Costas Varotsos (eds.)

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Series I: Global Environmental Change, Vol. 53
Springer
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Atmospheric
Ozone Dynamics
Observations in the
Mediterranean Region
Edited by
Costas Varotsos
University of .Athens
Department of Physics, Division of Applied Physics
Laboratory of \t1eteorology
Panepistimioupolis, Build PHYS.V
Athens, GR 1E ll 84, Greece
With 139 Figures (12 Colour Plates)
Springer
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop "Ground Level and
Satellite Ozone Observations. Changes in the Mediterranean Region", held in
Athens, Greece, October 31 - November4, 1995
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Atmospheric ozone dynamics : observations in the Mediterranean
region; [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop
"Ground Level and Satellite Ozone Observations. Changes in the
Mediterranean Region", held in Athens, Greece, October 31 -
November 11, 1995] / ed. by Costas Varotsos. Publ. in cooperation
with NATO Scientific AtTairs Division. - Berlin; Heidelberg; New
York ; Barcelona ; Budapest ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Paris ;
Santa Clara ; Singapore ; Tokyo : Springer, 1997
(NATO ASI series: Ser. I. Global environmental cbange ; Vol. 53)
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64558-7 eISBN-13: 978-3-642-60797-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-60797-4
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997
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Printed on acid-free paper
SPIN. 10525492 31/3137 -5 43210
Preface
An increasing allllo~/allce because of the anthropogenically induced ozone
depletion and relevant illcrca5e of the surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation (including
erythemal part of the UV spectrum) has resulted in the growth of interest to total
ozone (TOZ) surface and satellite observations, surface UV measurements (with an
emphasis on UV -B) and. the interpretation of observation results to assess potential
impacts of the UV radiation enhancement on man and biosphere. The significance of
this phenomenon is diJIcrent in various cowltries. Special attention has been paid,
for instance, to ozone depletion and UV radiation increase at high latitudes (this
problem has also been discussed during the Workshop). It is equally clear, however,
that low and mid-latitude environmental dynamics requires carefuU monitoring and
assessment of environm(:ntal trends as well. Such a conclusion is especially true for
the Mediterranean Region where numerous resort places are located and subject to
excessive levels of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation. This is why the NATO Advanced
Rcsearch Workshop "Ground-Level and Satellite Ozone Observations: Changes in
the Mediterranean Region" was organized and took place in Athens (Grcccc) during
the Lime period 31 October - 4 November 1995. It should be pointed out, however,
that presentations discussed during the Workshop went far beyond the regional scale
of consideration. This has been very important, because it opened an opportwlity to
analyse the Mediterrane:an environmental situation in the broader contcx1 of the
European global changes. An important advantage of the Workshop's programme
has also been the considleration of not only problems of TOZ and UV-B variability
but also tropospheric ozone dynamics as well as those causes (chemical and
photochemical reactiom: coupled with air transport) which are responsible for
changes of the ozone colllcentration in the troposphere.
Total and tropospheric ozone variability takes place due to impacts of a number of
factors which contributions have not been reliably asscssed as yet. A critical issue is
a relationship between natural and anthropogenically induced changes. It is
important that impacts of various 'actors have been discussed (chemical and
photochemical processes, meteorological conditions, impacts of stratospheric
aerosols, solar activity etc.). In a substantial part of the papers tropospheric pollution
has been considered in the context of ozone changes. Apart from the analysis of
observation data some .key problems of numerical modelling have been discussed,
such as tropospheric chemical composition changes, Monte Carlo radiative transfer
calculations, and others. The subjcct of a number of papers has been the development
VI
of remote sensing techniques to retrieve minor optically active components of the
atmosphere.
Thus, the programme of the Workshop has been characterised by a system's
approach to the solution of the problems considered which has been the basis of the
successful accomplishment of the Workshop's aims. It has been equally important
that many outstanding experts presented their contributions. The Workshop more
than justified the expectations. The support from NATO and local sources (Training
Centre of National Bank SA and others) has helped to reach a high level of the
organisation. The contribution of the collaborators of the University of Athens and
other Greek institutions to the success of the Workshop was outstanding.
The editor is grateful to the NATO Scientific Affairs Division, the European
Environment Agency, the Greek Ministry of Development, the Greek Ministry of
Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, the Greek Ministry of National
Economy, the Greek Ministry of Culture, the University of Athens, the Hellenic
Airline Association, the Hellenic Opticians Association, the Hellenic Civil Aviation
Authority, the PHARMA-CARE, the EKO Lubricant and Refineries ABEE, the S. A
Vairamoglou S.A. and the Ventouris Lines Companies, the Hellenic Foreign Trade
Board the National Mortgage Bank of Greece, for their sponsorship.
Finally, this Workshop is dedicated to the memory of the scientists Patrick
Aimedieu and Kjell Henriksen, who passed away.
The Organising Committee of this NATO ARW
Contents
EUROTRAC: Applications to Photo-Oxidants and the Future Project 1
P. Borrell, P. Builtjes, P. Grennfelt, /2f. Hov, R. van Aalst, D. Fowler,
G. Megie, N. Moussiopoulos, P. Wameck, A. Volz-Thomas and R. Wayne
The Spatial Variation of Ozone Depletion in Europe 9
A. P. Cracknell, C. P. D. McArthur and C. Varotsos
Statistical Analyses of Total Ozone Spatial Variability in the Mediterranean 23
1. Dalyuk and 0. Pokrovsky
Total Ozone Winter-Spring Deficiences in the Northern Mid-Latitudes 31
M Deg6rska and B. Ra/ewska-Wiech
Regional Modelling of Tropospheric Ozone Distribution and Budgets .......... 37
A. Ebel, M Memmesheimer and H. J. Jakobs
Weather-Pattern Dependent Total Column Ozone Trends in Central Europe 59
WEnke, G. Vogel and D. Spankuch
Ozone Change in the Polar Atmosphere ..................................................... 73
H. Gemandt, P. von der Gathen andA. Herber
Ozone and N~ Monitoring in Southern Spain: The 1994/95 Winter Record
Low ......................... ................................................................................. 101
M Gil, C. Parrondo, M Yela and B. de la Morena
The Middle Atmospher,e over Bulgaria at the Time of Strong Geomagnetic
Storm on October lO-th 1988 ..................................................................... 113
T. Gogosheva, M Gogoshev and V Zachariev
VIII
Variations of Stratospheric Ozone at the Time of Extremely High Solar
Activity ...................................................................................................... 125
M. Gogoshev, B. Petkov and T. Gogosheva
Total Ozone Variations and Meteorological Processes 133
K. Henriksen and V Roldugin
Decrease in Surface Ozone Related to Car Exhaust at High Latitudes 143
K. Henriksen and S. Sivasingarajah
The Portuguese Ozone and UV- B Monitoring Stations 147
D. V Henriques
Photochemical Air Pollution: A Regional Scale Problem 157
G. Kallos, V Kotroni and K. Lagouvardos
Re-evaluation of Hohenpeissenberg Ozone Records 167
U. Kohler
A Review on Greenhouse Effect and Ozone Dynamics over Greece 175
K. Ya. Kondratyev and C. 'Varotsos
AMFTRAN: A New Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer Model for Calculating
Air Mass Factors ................................. ....................................................... 229
L. Marquard and U. Platt
Air Pollution Models and Their Role in Environmental Policy 241
N Moussiopoulos
A Thermoluminescence Dosemeter for Solar Ultraviolet Irradiation 251
J. A. Munoz, 1. AgUirre de Cancer, G. Lifante, F Cuss6 and F Jaque
On the Forecasting of Intermonth Total Ozone Variations 257
0. Pokrovsky and 1. Dalyuk
Analysis of Stratospheric Aerosols in the Southern-Eastern Mediterranean
Region as Deduced from SAGE I and SAGE II Measurements .... .............. 271
A. Retalis and C. Cartalis
Atmospheric Soundings in Support of the Definition of the Tropopause
Region in the South-Eastern Mediterranean Region ................................... 281
A. Retalis, C. Car/alis, AI Tombrou and C. Varotsos
Retrieval of Height Profiles of Trace Gases by Optimal Parameter Estimation 285
E. Scheer, H. G. Bock, U. Platt and R. Rannacher
IX
Quality Checks for Satellite and Ground-Based Total Ozone Observations 293
D. Spankuch and E. Schulz
Airline Crew, Cosmic: Radiation and Cancer. Status of the Current
Norwegian Study and the Proposed European Study .................................. 303
U. Tveten, T Haldorsen and J. Reitan
Regional Distribution of Total Column Ozone Changes in Central Europe 311
G. Vogel, V. Schubert and D. Spankuch
Determination of Cloud Properties and Cloud Type from DOAS-
Measurements ............................................................................................ 327
T Wagner, T Senne, F. ErIe, C. Otten, J. Stutz, K. Pfeilsticker and U. Platt