Atmospheric Deposition and Forest Nutrient Cycling: A Synthesis of the Integrated Forest Study PDF
Preview Atmospheric Deposition and Forest Nutrient Cycling: A Synthesis of the Integrated Forest Study
Ecological Studies Analysis and Synthesis Edited by W.D. Billings, Durham (USA) F. Golley, Athens (USA) O.L. Lange, Wiirzburg (FRG) 1.S. Olson, Oak Ridge (USA) H. Remmert, Marburg (FRG) Volume 91 Ecological Studies Volume 75 Volume 83 The Grazing Land Ecosystems The Rivers of Florida (1990) of the Afritan Sahel (1989) Edited by RJ. Livingston By H.N. Le Houtrou Volume 84 Volume 76 Fire in the Tropital Biota: Etosystem Vasrular Plants as Epiphytes: Protesses and Global Challenges (1990) Evolution and Etophysiology (1989) Edited by J.G. Goldammer Edited by U. Liittge Volume 85 Volume 77 The Mosait-Cyde Conrept of Etosystems Air Pollution and Forest Detline: A (1991) Study of Sprure (Picea abies) on Acid Edited by H. Remmert Soils (1989) Edited by E.-D. Schulze, O.L. Lange, and Volume 86 R Oren Ecologital Heterogeneity (1991) Edited by J. Kolasa and S.TA . Pickett Volume 78 Agroetology: Researthing the Volume 87 Ecologital Basis for Sustainable Horses and Grasses: The Nutritional Agritulture (1990) Ecology of Equids, and Their Impatt on Edited by S.R Gliessman the Camargue (1991) By P. Duncan Volume 79 Remote Sensing 01 Biosphere Volume 88 Fundioning (1990) Pinnipeds and EI Nino: Responses to Edited by R.J. Hobbs and HA. Mooney Environmental Stress (1991) Edited by F. Trillmich and KA. Ono Volume 80 Plant Biology 01 the Basin and Range Volume 89 (1990) Plantago: A Multidistiplinary Study Edited by CB. Osmond, L.F. Pitelka, (1992) and G.M. Hidy Edited by P J.C Kuiper and M. 80s Volume 81 Volume 90 Nitrogen in Terrestrial Etosystems BiogeG(hemistry of a Subalpine (1990) Etosystem: Loch Vale Watershed (1992) By CO. Tamm Edited by Jill Baron Volume 82 Volume 91 Quantitative Methods in Landstape Atmospherit Deposition and Etology (1990) Forest Nutrient Cyding Edited by M.G. Turner and RH. Edited by D.W. Johnson and Gardner S.E. Lindberg Dale W. Johnson Steven E. Lindberg Editors Atmospheric Deposition and Forest Nutrient Cycling A Synthesis of the Integrated Forest Study With 236 Illustrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Dale W. Johnson Steven E. Lindberg Desen Research Institute Oak Ridge National Laboratory University of Nevada Syslem Environmental Sciences Division Biological Sciences Center Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA Reno, NY 89506 USA "d Range, Wildlife and Forestry College of Agriculture University of Nevada, Reno Reno, NY 89512 USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Atmospheric deposition and forest nutrient cycling: a synthesis of the integrated forest study / Dale W. Johnson, Steven E. Lindberg, editors. p. em. - (Ecological studies) Includes bibliographical references and inde:\;. ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-7678-4 l. Forest ecology. 2. Acid deposition-Environmental aspects. 3. Mineral cycle (Biogeochemistry) I. Johnson. D.W. (Dale W.). 1946- II. Lindberg, Steven E. III. Series. QH541.5.F6A85 1992 581.5'2642- dc20 91-20122 Printed on acid-free paper. CI 1992 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 Copyright is not claimed for works by employees of the United States government. All rights reserved. This work may nO( be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue. New York, NY 10010. USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation. computer software. or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or here after developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the fonner are not especially identified, is not 10 be laken as a sign that such names. as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Production managed by Henry Krell; Manufacturing supervised by lacqui Ashri. Typeset by Impressions, loc., Ann Arbor, MI. 98765 4321 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-7678-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-2806-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-2806-6 Preface During the past decade, there has been considerable interest in the effects of atmospheric deposition on forest ecosystems. The basis for this interest includes general concern about effects of acidic deposition, or acid rain, on natural ecosystems and the reports of forest decline in Europe and eastern North America, plus the suggestion that air pollutants might be responsible. To determine what relationships might exist between atmospheric depo sition and forest health, a number of major research programs were initiated in the early 1980s. These included the Forest Effects Program of the U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), the programs of Germany and other European countries, and several large projects funded by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). This volume describes the results of one of the latter projects, the Integrated Forest Study (IFS). The Integrated Forest Study was a $15 million project to evaluate the effects of atmospheric deposition on nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The research involved monitoring deposition and nutrient cycling at 17 for ested sites in the northwestern, northeastern, and southeastern United States and in Canada and Norway. These sites represent a range of conditions in climate, air quality, soils, and vegetation, which facilitated the testing of hypotheses regarding the effects of atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen depo sition on forest nutrient cycles. In addition to field measurements of at mospheric deposition and nutrient cycling, the IFS included a component of VI Preface experimental research, incorporating both laboratory and field studies, to investigate selected atmospheric and soil processes in greater detail. Several features of the IFS make it unusual and significant both as an applied research project to evaluate the effects of pollution on ecosystems and as a basic investigation of forest nutrient cycling. As an applied study, the IFS is unusual in its focus on understanding the ecosystem-level pro cesses controlling the nutritional status of forests. Only by evaluating the entire ecosystem nutrient budget, including all inputs, outputs, and internal fluxes, has it been possible to develop a complete understanding of the status of individual nutrients and to identify whether any significant changes in status are occurring. As a more basic investigation of ecosystem nutrient cycling, the IFS is noteworthy for its incorporation of state-of-the-art methods for measuring dry and cloud water deposition in addition to wet deposition. Another im portant feature of the study is the integration of a series of experimental tasks (e.g., on soil weathering, foliar leaching, organic and inorganic sulfur immobilization) with the deposition and nutrient cycling monitoring tasks. But perhaps the most significant aspect of the study is the fact that deposition and nutrient cycling were monitored at a large number of field sites during essentially the same time period using the same instruments and protocols. Most previous analyses of nutrient cycling patterns across different ecosys tems have involved comparisons of results from independent studies that used different protocols. As a consequence of the integrated nature of the IFS, we can be far more confident that any dissimilarities in measured pat terns of nutrient cycling across sites reflect real differences rather than ar tifacts of different methodologies or measurement periods. We believe that this volume, and the results of the IFS, will be of lasting value in several ways. First, the results address the current issue of acid rain by providing the basis for evaluating how acidic deposition does affect the mineral nutrient status of forest ecosystems. Most important, the study places this effect in perspective, showing how it varies as a function of other eco system properties and how it compares to other processes that influence nu trient balances. Second, the comparative data set on deposition and nutrient cycling at the 17 forest sites, as well as the analyses of these data, will provide valuable new insights into the processes and regulation of forest nutrient cycling. These data are now available to be examined and analyzed further by other scientists. Finally, an important product of the project is the model, NuCM, that is described in Chapter 14. This is a more comprehen sive and detailed model of forest nutrient cycling than heretofore has been available. It should be useful to both managers and basic researchers for evaluating the factors that control nutrient cycling in forest systems. L.F. Pitelke D. W. Johnson S.E. Lindberg Acknowledgments The IFS was funded primarily by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), but many other organizations and government agencies either funded parts of the project or otherwise cooperated in helping to ensure the success of this unusual and complex research effort. The Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation and Southern Company Services, Inc., and Forestry Canada each funded individual sites, and the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program funded two sites. The Norwegian Forest Research In stitute, the Norwegian Forest Research Institute for Air Research, the U.S. Forest Service, and the U.S. National Park Service cooperated by providing personnel time or facilities at particular sites. The support provided by these organizations reflects both a commitment to understanding the effects of atmospheric deposition on ecosystems and a recognition of the value of a large integrated project that addressed the issue in a comprehensive manner. The project also was enhanced by annual meetings with a large number of project reviewers and advisors. We would like to especially acknowledge Bill Reiners, Bill McFee, Dave Grigal, Don Gatz, and Marvin Weseley for their advice and support as project reviewers. These individuals, represent ing universities, research institutes, funding organizations, and utilities, pro vided valuable advice and encouragement. Ultimately, however, the key to the success of the IFS was the large group of researchers and advisors who were able to work together in a relationship that remained harmonious and productive through the course of the project. viii Acknowledgments Many people, some of whom are not listed as authors of this volume, deserve our thanks for helping make this project a success. In the realm of management, we must fIrst and foremost express our great appreciation to Dr. Louis Pitelka, our project manager at EPRI, for his steady hand in keep ing the Integrated Forest Study (lFS) viable and strong for so many years. We wish to thank Dr. John Huckabee of EPRI for his crucial role in the initial formation and organization of the project; without his input and en couragement at this crucial early stage, the IFS would never have begun. We also wish to acknowledge the late Ernest Bondietti for his role as Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) manager of the project in its earliest stages, and to Dr. Robert I. Van Hook of ORNL for his crucial role in making midcourse changes in management structure. Numerous technical personnel conducted most of the actual field and lab oratory work of the IFS project, leaving the principal investigators to reap the scientifIc benefits. They include: Donald E. Todd, Jr., Jim Owens, Wil Petty, Kris Dearstone, and Ruth Montgomery of Oak Ridge National Lab oratory; David Silsbee of the Uplands Research Center, Great Smoky Moun tains National Park; Paul Hazlett, Wayne Johns, Dieter Ropke, Don Kurylo, Jo Ramakers, and Linda Irwin of Forestry Canada, Ontario Region; Bob Gonyea, Bert Hasselberg, Mike Johnson, Dick Hinshaw, Jay Kuhn, Jacquie Fenning, Gordon Wolfe, Tony Basabe, and Jana Compton at the University of Washington; Ute Valentine and Paul Conklin, Duke University; Magne Huse, Norwegian Forest Research Institute; and Lee Reynolds, James Bu channan, Bryant Cunningham, Jim Deal, Lisa Leatherman, Bob McCollum, Barbara Reynolds, Mary Lou Rollins, and David White from Coweeta Hy drologic Laboratory. The framework used in the H+ analysis was developed in discussions with a variety of colleagues, most notably Dan Richter, Dave Valentine, Phil Sollins, and Dale Johnson. Thanks go to Judith Tarplee who assisted in the field and in the laboratory and to Nicole Ruderman, Lisa Hu, Beth Van Schaack, John Figurelli, Ve ronica Blette and Jill Newton for their assistance with sample preparation, analytical procedures, and preparation of the manuscript. Special gratitude is extended to Dianne Keller whose Master's thesis research at Colgate Uni versity contributed greatly to the completion and overall goals of this proj ect, and for her valuable comments and assistance in preparing this manu script. We would like to express our appreciation to Dr. David Grigal and Dr. Michael Unsworth for their constructively critical reviews of this book. Finally, we wish to thank Susan Sawatzky of the Desert Research Insti tute and Opal Grooms of Oak Ridge National Laboratory for their tireless (and often thankless) efforts in word processing this volume. This research was sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute un der Contract TP-2621-1 and the Atmospheric and Climate Research Divi sion, Office of Health and Environmental Research, U.S. Department of Acknowledgments ix Energy, under Contract No. DE-AC05-840R21400 with Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., and under contract RP-2621-3 with the Desert Re search Institute, University of Nevada System. This volume is Publication No. 3668, Environmental Sciences Division, ORNL.
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