ATM : the broadband telecommunications solution PDF
Preview ATM : the broadband telecommunications solution
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E. Flood Professor C. J. Hughes Professor J. D. Parsons THE BROADBAND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SOLUTION Other volumes in this series: Volume 1 Telecommunications networks J. E. Flood (Editor) Volume 2 Principles of telecommunication-traffic engineering D. Bear Volume 3 Programming electronic switching systems M. T. Hills and S. Kano Volume 4 Digital transmission systems P. Bylanski and D. G. W. Ingram Volume 5 Angle modulation: the theory of system assessment J. H. Roberts Volume 6 Signalling in telecommunications networks S. Welch Volume 7 Elements of telecommunications economics S. C. Littlechild Volume 3 Software design for electronic switching systems S. Takamura, H. Kawashima, N. Nakajima Volume 9 Phase noise in signal sources W. P. Robins Volume 10 Local telecommunications J. M. Griffiths (Editor) Volume 11 Principles and practices of multi-frequency telegraphy J. D. Ralphs Volume 12 Spread spectrum in communications R. Skaug and J. F. Hjelmstad Volume 13 Advanced signal processing D. J. Creasey (Editor) Volume 14 Land mobile radio systems R. J. Holbeche (Editor) Volume 15 Radio receivers W. Gosling (Editor) Volume 16 Data communications and networks R. L. Brewster (Editor) Volume 17 Local telecommunications 2 J. M. Griffiths (Editor) Volume 18 Satellite communication systems B. G. Evans (Editor) Volume 19 Telecommunications traffic, tariffs and costs R. E. Farr Volume 20 An introduction to satellite communications D. I. Dalgleish Volume 21 SPC digital telephone exchanges F. J. Redmiil and A. R. Valdar Volume 22 Data communications and networks II R. L. Brewster (Editor) Volume 23 Radio spectrum management D. J. Withers Volume 24 Satellite communication systems II B. G. Evans (Editor) Volume 25 Personal & mobile radio systems R. C. V. Macario (Editor) Volume 26 Common-channel signalling R. J. Manterfield Volume 27 Transmission systems J. E. Flood and P. Cochrane (Editors) Volume 28 VSATs: very small aperture terminals J. L. Everett (Editor) THE BROADBAND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SOLUTION L G Cuthbert and J-C Sapanel The Institution of Electrical Engineers Published by: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, United Kingdom © 1993: The Institution of Electrical Engineers Reprinted 1998 This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any forms or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Michael Faraday House, Six Hills Way, Stevenage, Herts. SG1 2AY, United Kingdom While the authors and the publishers believe that the information and guidance given in this work is correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgment when making use of it. Neither the author nor the publishers assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission in the work, whether such error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is disclaimed. The moral right of the authors to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by him/her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 85296 815 9 Printed in England by Short Run Press Ltd., Exeter Contents Page Preface xi Acknowledgements xii Abbreviations xiv 1. Introduction 1 1.1. What is broadband? 1 1.2. Why ATM? 2 1.3. Transfer mode 5 1.4. CCITT standardisation of B-ISDN 5 2. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 7 2.1. Basic principles of ATM 7 2.2. Protocol reference model 8 2.3. ATM layer 10 2.3.1. Cell structure 11 2.3.2. Types of cell 13 2.4. ATM objects 13 2.4.1. Virtual channels 14 2.4.2. Virtual paths 16 2.5. ATM adaptation layer 19 2.5.1. AAL principles 19 2.5.2. AALtype 1 24 2.5.3. AAL type 2 25 2.5.4. AAL types 3/4 25 2.5.5. AALtype 5 28 2.5.6. Service timing/synchronisation aspects 30 2.6. Physical layer 31 2.6.1. Principles 31 2.6.2. Transfer capacity 32 2.6.3. Physical layer for cell-based interface 32 2.6.4. Physical layer for SDH-based interface 33 2.6.5. Header error control 34 2.6.6. Cell delineation and scrambling 35 2.6.7. Scrambler operation 36 vi ATM: the broadband telecommunications solution 3. Applications and Services 37 3.1. Applications 37 3.2. Classification of services 39 3.3. Teleservices 40 3.4. Bearer services 42 3.4.1. Definition 42 3.4.2. Information transfer mode 43 3.4.3. Information transfer rate: bit-rate parameters 43 3.4.4. Information transfer capability of VC and VP 44 3.4.5. Structure of VC and VP 44 3.4.6. Establishment of communication 44 3.4.7. Symmetry 44 3.4.8. Communication configuration 44 3.4.9. Access channel and rate 45 3.4.10. Access protocols 45 3.4.11. Supplementary services 45 3.4.12. Grade of service for the set-up and clear-down of VCC 45 3.4.13. Performance of an established connection 46 3.4.14. Interworking possibilities 46 3.5. Mapping of services onto attributes 47 4. Networks and Network Elements 48 4.1. Network structure and elements 48 4.2. Interfaces 50 4.2.1. Basic characteristics at S and T reference points 50 4.2.2. Interfaces for distribution services 51 4.3. Customer equipment 52 4.3.1. Business customers 53 4.3.2. Residential customers 53 4.4. Access network 54 4.4.1. NT1 54 4.4.2. Access link 54 4.5. Switching nodes 55 4.5.1. Switching functions 55 4.5.2. Remote unit 56 4.5.3. Local exchange 57 4.5.4. Transit exchange 58 4.6. Transmission 58 4.6.1. PDH transmission 59 4.6.2. SDH transmission 59 4.6.3. Cell-based transmission 59 4.7. Signalling 60 4.7.1. Requirements for B-ISDN signalling 60 4.7.2. Signalling evolution 61 4.7.3. Call control and bearer control functions 62 ATM: the broadband telecommunications solution vii 5. Network Performance 64 5.1. Introduction 64 5.2. Delay 64 5.2.1. C omponents of delay 64 5.2.2. Delay in the physical layer 66 5.2.3. Delay in the ATM layer 66 5.2.4. Delay in the AAL 66 5.2.5. Consequences of delay 67 5.2.6. Errors 68 5.2.7. Errors in the physical layer 68 5.2.8. Errors in the ATM layer 69 5.2.9. Errors in the AAL layer 69 6. Network Evolution 70 6.1. General technical aspects of network evolution 70 6.2. Substitution/island/overlay introduction approaches 72 6.3. Customer groups 72 6.4. Fibre in the access network for business customers 73 6.4.1. Separate access for broadband 74 6.4.2. Multiplex access system 75 6.4.3. Target access 76 6.5. Residential customers and distribution traffic 77 6.5.1. Fibre to the kerb 79 6.5.2. Passive optical networks 80 6.5.3. Direct fibre / logical star 82 6.5.4. Influence of existing CATV systems 83 6.6. High-speed LANs and B-ISDN 84 6.6.1. Early interconnection of high-speed LANs 84 6.6.2. Interconnection through the ATM cross-connect network 85 6.6.3. Connectionless data service over the ATM network 86 6.7. Frame relay and B-ISDN 87 6.8. Mobility and B-ISDN 87 6.8.1. Problems introduced by mobility 88 6.8.2. How ATM could influence existing mobile networks 89 7. Interworking 90 7.1. Interworking with existing networks 90 7.1.1. Background to interworking 91 7.1.2. Network interworking 91 7.1.3. Service interworking 92 7.1.4. Location of interworking functions 92 7.1.5. Gateways handling unlike calls 93 7.1.6. Impact of ATM on interworking 94 7.2. Interworking with high-speed data networks 95 7.2.1. High-speed LANs and MANs 95 7.2.2. Frame relay 97 viii ATM: the broadband telecommunications solution 7.3. Interworking with mobile networks 98 8. Numbering and Charging 99 8.1. Numbering schemes 99 8.2. Impact of ATM on existing numbering schemes 100 8.3. Numbering and addressing interworking 101 8.4. Charging 102 8.4.1. General issues 102 8.4.2. ATM specific issues 102 8.4.3. Charging parameters 103 9. Routeing Techniques 104 9.1. Implications for the network structure 104 9.1.1. Routeing of customer access 105 9.1.2. Routeing between exchanges 105 9.1.3. Distribution of traffic over the network 106 9.2. Route modification methods 107 9.3. The routeing plan 107 10. Traffic Control and Resource Management 109 10.1. Network resource management 110 10.2. Connection admission control 111 10.3.Usage parameter control and network parameter control 113 10.3.1. UPC functions 113 10.3.2. UPC algorithms 115 10.4. Traffic shaping 118 10.5. Priority control 119 10.6. Fast resource management 120 10.7. Congestion control 120 10.7.1. Selective cell discard 120 10.7.2. Explicit forward congestion indication 121 11. Intelligence in the Network 122 11.1. Operations and maintenance principles 122 11.2. Network management 124 11.2.1. OSI functional groups 124 11.2.2. Configuration & name management 124 11.2.3. Performance management 126 11.3. Intelligent networks 127 11.4. Relationship between TMN and IN 129 12. Traffic Engineering 132 12.1. Traffic modelling 133 12.1.1. Traffic sources and their behaviour 135 12.1.2. Traffic parameters and source models 139 12.1.3. Traffic mixes 141 ATM: the broadband telecommunications solution he 12.2. Performance measures 141 12.2.1. Network traffic performance 142 12.3. Performance evaluation 142 12.4. Network dimensioning 143 12.4.1. End-to-end traffic 144 12.4.2. ATM logical network 145 12.4.3. Physical transmission network 147 Appendix: Summary of Standards 148 References 151 Index 156
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