Atlas of Warfare

360 Pages·1988·75.461 MB·English

by  Richard Natkiel

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ATLAS OF
WARFARE
RICHARD NATKIELand JOHN PIMLOTT
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RICHARD NATRIELand JOHN PIMLOTT
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Published bv C.allcrv Books Keith Simpson was educated at Hull Univer-
A DivisionofW II Smith Publishers Inc. The Authors sity.wherehereadhistory,andattheDepart-
112 Madison Avenue ment of War Studies of King*s College.
New York, New York 10016 London. He was a Senior Lecturer in War
MatthewBennett,MA,isagraduateofKing's Studiesand InternationalAffairsatthe Royal
Produced bj College. London, and has made a special Military Academy. Sandhurst, and is now a
Bison HooksCorp. studs ol medieval warfare. He has published defense consultant. His previous books
15 Sherwood Place several articles in historical and literary jour- include HistoryoftheGerman Armyand The
Greenwich,CT06830 nals, ami is a Senior Lecturer in the Depart- OldContemptibles
mentofCommunication Studiesat the Royal
Copyright© 1988 Bison RooksCorp. Military Academy, Sandhurst. PaulSzuscikiewiczholdsadegree in Hellenic
and Roman Studies from Southampton Uni-
All rights reserved. Nopart ofthisbook may LieutenantColonel MichaelChileottwasedu- versity. HeisamemberoftheSocietyforthe
be reproducedortransmitted in an> form or cated at the Royal Military Academy. Sand- Promotion of Roman Studies and of the
byany meanswithout written permission hurst. University College. London, and the Society of Ancients, a group devoted to the
from the Publisher. UniversityofManchester InstituteofScience studyofmilitary historyintheancientworld.
andTechnology. Heservedfor35yearsinthe
!SB\ 0-8317-0498-5 BritishArmyandisChairmanofthe Merville DrJohnWestwoodisahighlyexperiencedhis-
Batten MuseumCommittee. torical and militaryauthor. Followingservice
Printed in Hong Kohl: in the British Army Intelligence Corps, he
Adrian Gilbert is a military writer with a taught history at Florida State and Sydney
12345678l) 10 special interest in modern warfare. He was Universities. He has written some 2(1 books,
Executive Editorofthebest-sellingmagazine manyofthemonaspectso'fEasternEuropean
WarinPeace.HispreviousbooksincludeViet- history, including Endurance and Endeavor
nam: The History and the Tactics, Modern Russian History"lS12-1980.
Fighting Men, World War I in Photographs
and the IllustratedHistoryofWorld WarI.
CONTENTS
Introduction 6
1 Warfare in the Ancient World 8
2 The Age of Chivalry 34
3 The Dawn of Professionalism 58
4 The Struggle for Europe 76
5 The Campaigns of Napoleon 110
6 The Advent of Total War 140
tPoagtehe1:toRrochma-natsrcoeonpesfpruotmathGeerinmtaenrmviinlalbalgee 7 The World at War. 1914-18 202
campaignsalongtheempire'snorthern 8 The Inter-War Years 248
frontier.
dPiargeecsts2-h3i:sNtraopooplseoatnt(hreighhetigfhotreogfrtohuendB)attleof 9 The World at War. 1939-45 258
WPaatgeersl4o-o5.:JMuanrein1e8s15h.eadforthebattered 10 Conflict in the Modern World 314
beachesofKwajaleinatoll intheMarshall Index and Acknowledgments 348
Islands,earlv February 1944.
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Introduction
War is a fascinating subject, central to any
understandingoftheworldandthewayithas
developed. Despite the dubious morality of
usingviolencetoachievepersonalorpolitical
aims,thefactremainsthatithasbeenusedto
do just that throughout recorded history.
Countriesexistbecauseofwarsfoughtagainst
their neighbors or rivals; they retain their
independencelargelythroughdisplayingboth
an ability and a willingness to fight if
threatened, employing armed forces
organized,equippedandpreparedforsuchan
eventuality. have been closelystudiedandcompared, the sakeofit-thepurposemustbeclearlystated
Anyrecoursetoviolencecanbedangerous, reasons fordefeat orvictoryexamined and a fromthestart. Atastrategiclevel,mismaybe
however, for it implies a release ofemotions series of 'Principles of War' evolved. These to defend borders, seize territory or impose
normallykeptincheckduringtimesofpeace. varyfromcountrytocountryaccordingtohis- politicalideology;atoperational(theater)and
Once the 'dogsofwar' have been unleashed, torical experienceand need, but it ispossible tactical (battlefield) levels, itwill betodefeat
theresultsareoftenchaos,confusionandhigh tofindcertain'commondenominators'which the enemy preparatory to achieving those
cwohsitle(itnhebroethishaulmwaaynsatnhde mcahtaenrciealthtaetrmst)h,e alpopwleyd,,nbouttaassaascerhieecskoflicstomtomobne-ssleanvsisehlpyoifnotls- ahbilgeheorraismusd.de—Infltyh"e"alatiemreids*minudtdhleedm,idudnlaettoafin-a
enemy may provestronger, leadingtodefeat tobeborneinmind.Theyalsoserveasause- CgflmaifiB chaos will ensue, seriously reduc-
and loss of territory, prestige or freedom. ful framework for the study ofwar, lifting it ingthechancesotsuccess. Hitler'sdecisionto
War. in short, is an unpredictable business awayfrom merecuriosityabout the past into shifttheemphasisofhisattackinlatesummer
and.becauseofthis,itishardlysurprisingthat analysisand.hopefully,anappreciationofthe 1942fromtheCaucasustoStalingradisacase
soldiersthroughout historyhavesearchedfor lessonsofhistory. inpoint,forcinghisarmiesnotonlytochange
some 'magic solution' towar-fighting-some TJie first, and most important, principle.is . direction but also to switch from mobile to
listofgoldenruleswhich,ifsatisfied,willgua- the selection and, nalntgnance of an Qjm "r urbanoperations.
rantee victory. Past battles and campaigns objective. Itisnogoodreleasingforceforthe Once the aim hasbeen laiddown, itssatis-