Atlas of the human brain

458 Pages·2015·896.293 MB·English

by  Paxinos, George

Atlas of the Human Brain
This page intentionally left blank
Atlas of the
Human Brain
4th edition
Jürgen K. Mai
Institute of Anatomy I, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
Milan Majtanik
MR-X-Brain GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
George Paxinos
Neuroscience Research Australia and The University of New South Wales,
Sydney, Australia
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS
SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, UK
525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA
225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK
Fourth edition
Copyright © 2016, 2008, 2004, 1995 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be
noted herein).
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher.
Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with
organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding,
changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information,
methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own
safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury
and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any
methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-12-802800-1
For information on all Academic Press
publications
visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/
Publisher: Mica Haley
Acquisition Editor: Mica Haley
Editorial Project Manager: Kathy Padilla
Production Project Manager: Julia Haynes
Designer: Alan Studholme
Printed and bound in the Far East
IV
Contents
Part 1: Three Atlases of the Brain in the Head 1
1.1 Materials and Methods 1
1.1.1 Anatomical Preparations 2
1.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 2
1.1.3 Preparation and Photography of the Anatomical Slices 2
1.1.4 Preparation of 100 µm Thick Frozen Histological Brain Sections 2
1.1.5 Presentation of the Images for the Atlases of the Brain in the Head 3
1.1.6 References 5
1.2 Horizontal Atlas 7
1.3 Coronal Atlas 41
1.4 Sagittal Atlas 69
Part 2: Myelo- and Cytoarchitectonic Atlas of the Human Brain in
Stereotaxic (MNI) Space 85
2.1 Materials and Methods 86
2.1.1 The Brain 86
2.1.2 Methods 86
2.1.3 Earlier Histological, Morphometric, Immunohistochemical Studies 86
2.1.4 Nomenclature 86
2.1.5 Photographic Plates and Corresponding Diagrams 86
2.1.6 Three-Dimensional Reconstructions 86
2.1.7 Standardization 87
2.1.8 Mapping of the Atlas Space to the Talairach Space 87
2.1.9 Mapping of the Atlas Space to the MNI/ICBM2009b Template 88
2.1.10 Atlas of the Human Brain (AHB) Reconstruction with MNI/ICBM2009b Shape Constrain 89
2.1.11 Registration of the Histological Sections to the Reconstructed Volume 90
2.1.12 Use of the Atlas for the Interpretation of Individual in vivo/in vitro Brains 90
2.1.13 Mapping of the Cortex Areas 90
2.1.14 Generation of the Linear Representation of Cortex „Stripes“ 91
2.1.15 Layout of the Myelo- and Cytoarchitectonic Atlas of the Human Brain in
Stereotaxic (MNI) Space 91
2.1.16 References 94
2.2 Surface Views 95
2.3 Plates, Figures and Diagrams 101
2.4 Diagrams with Reduced Detail 400
2.4.1 Horizontal (axial) Diagrams 401
2.4.2 Sagittal Diagrams 409
2.5 Maps of Subcortical Areas 416
2.5.1 Thalamus 417
2.5.2 Hypothalamus 427
2.6 Published Studies Referring to the Brain Represented in the Myelo- and Cytoarchitectonic
Atlas of the Human Brain in Stereotaxic (MNI) Space 433
2.6.1 Histological, Morphometric and Histochemical Studies 433
2.6.2 References 439
Index
List of Structures 440
List of Abbreviations 445
V
This page intentionally left blank
Preface
The publication of the 4th Edition of Atlas The 4th edition of the Atlas of the Brain in Elsevier Permissions Department: phone:
of the Human Brain affords us the oppor- Stereotaxic (MNI) Space contains: ([phone] x 3808, email: permis-
tunity to include features which can be of [email protected].
assistance to the new fields of neurosci- • 99 photographs of sections stained
How to cite this book:
ence – functional imaging, resting state for myelin juxtaposed by 99 detailed
Mai JK, Majtanik M and Paxinos G (2016).
imaging and tractography. diagrams.
Atlas of the Human Brain 4th ed., Academic
• 50 sections stained for cell bodies, Press.
Totally new in this edition is the inclusion interposed at half the frequency of the
of Nissl plates with delineation of cortical myelin series. The cell-stained sections
Acknowledgements
areas (Brodmann’s areas), the first time are not diagrammed but are accompa-
that these areas have been presented in nied by high resolution photographs of This long lasting endeavour came to frui-
serial histological sections. cortical areas. tion because of the continued interest, and
• The photographs and diagrams repre- help of many persons. It is a pleasure to
sent the complete hemisphere and are acknowledge the tremendous generosity
This book consists of two major parts.
placed in the MNI stereotaxic space. of the late Prof. Adolf Hopf, the successor
They feature different aspects of brain
• In the cell-stained (Nissl) plates corti- of Oskar Vogt. He nurtured this project from
morphology and topography.
cal delineations (Brodmann’s areas) its inception. We thank Josef Assheuer for
(derived from Brodmann maps) are his major input to the first two editions.
provided. The authors received invaluable assis-
Part 1: Three Atlases of the Brain in the
tance in delineation from Herwig Lange
• Parts of cortical areas are displayed at
Head
(Cortex), Farhad Forutan (Thalamus),
high magnification on the facing page
Ricardo Insausti (Temporal Lobe) and
of full page Nissl sections. We selected
They display the brain in the head sec-
Yuri Koutcherov (Hypothalamus). We are
preferentially those areas which are
tioned in the three cardinal planes. It
greatly indebted to Azarias Karamanlidis
thought to correspond with those pub-
consists of serial 1-cm thick sections
(University of Thessaloniki, Greece) for
lished by von Economo and Koskinas
from three human heads that were previ-
valuable comments and scholarly advice
(1925).
ously scanned with MRI. Each head was
on nomenclature and correcting a number
sectioned either in the horizontal (axial), • A novel way of depicting cortical areal
of errors while preparing the Greek edition.
coronal, or sagittal plane. The sectioning pattern is used: the cortical cytoarchi-
of the brain in the skull ensures that no sig- tectonic ribbon is unfolded and pre-
We are grateful to Christine Opfermann-
nificant deformation of the brain occurred sented linearly, in registration with the
Rüngeler and Laurentius Lanta for com-
and allows correlation of bony landmarks, interpretation of earlier authors as we
mitment to excellence in the preparation
nerves, and blood vessels. In addition, perceive their work.
of artwork and design of the book. Ursula
included are X-ray images of the cadaver • Low magnification diagrams in the hor-
Lammersen has imaged our sections with
sections and MR-images from a healthy izontal (axial) and sagittal planes are
the high resolution digital microscope with
volunteer showing levels corresponding to included, calculated from the 3D model
great skill and dedication. Special thanks
those depicted in the Atlas plates. of the Atlas brain.
go to Thomas Voß, Raul Grieben, Dominik
Löchel, Jens Bongartz and Christoph
The magnification of the photographs is Vogelbusch for invaluable work on math-
Part 2: Atlas of the Human Brain in
higher than the diagrams because in this ematical modelling and image transforma-
Stereotaxic (MNI) Space (AHB)
way the photographs can be bled for the tion algorithms referring to the Atlas. We
sake of greater resolution. Rostral to the have had the professional guidance of a
The AHB consists of a detailed myelo- and
genu of the corpus callosum and caudal to talented editor, Mica Haley of Elsevier/
cytoarchitectonic atlas of the isolated brain
the splenium we used higher and varying Academic Press who supported this edi-
in MNI space. It is represented by serial
magnification, dictated by the availability of tion with dedication.
histological sections of one hemisphere
space. Between the two anterior-posterior
with meticulous delineations. It displays 99
extremes of the corpus callosum we kept We acknowledge support for this project
fiber-stained (myelin) sections accompa-
the magnification of the photographs con- from the Society of Friends and Supporters
nied by detailed diagrammatic delineations
stant. of the Heinrich-Heine-University at
and 50 cell-stained (Nissl) sections of the
Düsseldorf. George Paxinos was support-
right brain hemisphere.
Reproduction of Figures by Users of ed by an NHMRC fellowship. The spon-
the Atlas sorship by the Jörg Bernards-Stiftung,
This brain was selected because it was
Cologne, and the private entrepreneurship
sectioned well and stained well by the
As producer, J.K.M. is happy for the by Miroslaw Pienkowski, Trinon GmbH,
great anatomists Oscar and Cécile Vogt
atlas figures to be reproduced in other Karlsruhe was essential because none
and has been studied in the last 80
publications and gives permission for the of the applications for support from the
years by a number of scientists, includ-
reproduction of any figure from the atlas German research agencies were suc-
ing H. Brockhaus, R. Hassler, A. Hopf,
in other publications for non-commercial cessful. In this we are in good company
W. Wahren and F. Sanides. Selected
scholarly purposes, provided that the atlas in that Korbinian Brodmann who was also
sections which can optionally shown by
is cited. Permission from the publish- refused funding by German funding bodies
virtual microscopy as well as the pub-
er may be sought on-line via Copyright that should have supported him. Finally,
lished literature referring to this brain
Clearance Center’s Rightslink® service our thoughts go with gratitude to those,
can be accessed at the free website:
(http://www.copyright.com/rightsholders/ who provided their bodies for educational
www.thehumanbrain.info.
rightslink-permissions/) or contact the and research purposes in anatomy.
VII
DEDICATION:
To Joseph Assheuer and Thomas Voß for their major contribution to the earlier editions of this work
VIII
Part 1: Three Atlases of the Brain
in the Head
Horizontal Atlas:
Coronal Atlas:
Sagittal Atlas:
1