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Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period PDF

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Atlas of the Ancient Near East This atlas provides students and scholars with a broad range of information on the development of the Ancient Near East from prehistoric times through the beginning of written records in the Near East (c. 3000 bc) to the late Roman Empire and the rise of Islam. The geographical coverage of the Atlas extends from the Aegean coast of Anatolia in the west through Iran and Afghanistan to the east, and from the Black and Caspian Seas in the north to Arabia and the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean in the south. The Atlas of the Ancient Near East includes a wide-ranging overview of the civilizations and kingdoms discussed, written in a lively and engaging style, which considers not only political and military issues but also introduces the reader to social and cultural topics such as trade, religion, how people were educated and entertained, and much more. With a comprehensive series of detailed maps, supported by the authors’ commentary and illustrations of major sites and key artifacts, this title is an invaluable resource for students who wish to understand the fascinating cultures of the Ancient Near East. Trevor Bryce is an Honorary Professor at the University of Queensland and Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. He has held positions as Reader in Classics and Ancient History, University of Queensland, Professor of Classics and Ancient History, University of New England (Australia), and Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Lincoln University, New Zealand. Jessie Birkett-Rees is Lecturer in the Centre for Ancient Cultures at Monash University, Melbourne. She is an archaeologist of the ancient Near East and a specialist in cultural landscape analyses. Her fieldwork and research have focused on the emergence and development of com- plex societies, and the changing relationships between humans and their environment in Turkey, South Caucasia, Africa and Australia. This Page is Intentionally Left Blank Atlas of the Ancient Near East From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period by Trevor Bryce with an introductory section on The Prehistoric Near East by Jessie Birkett-Rees First published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 Trevor Bryce; Jessie Birkett-Rees for Part I The right of Trevor Bryce to be identified as author of this work, and of Jessie Birkett- Rees to be identified as the author of Part I, has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-415-50800-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-50801-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-73481-1 (ebk) Typeset in Minion Pro and Myriad Pro by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK Contents List of figures xiii Acknowledgements xv List of abbreviations xvi Introduction 1 Map: The Near East in its modern context 1 PART I The prehistoric Near East 7 1 The geography and geology of the ancient Near East 9 Maps: The physical geography of the Near East 10 Tectonic plate boundaries 11 Forest zones 12 The Fertile Crescent 13 2 Foragers and farmers: early agricultural communities 16 Maps: Locations of the independent development of agricultural communities worldwide 18 Sites excavated in the ‘hilly flanks’ of the Fertile Crescent 19 3 The prehistory of the Near East: key sites 21 Maps: Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene sites 22 Neolithic sites in the Near East 24 Site-plans: Abu Hureyra 25 Çayönü 28 Çatalhöyük 31 Maps: Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites in Mesopotamia 33 Sites of the Halaf and Early Ubaid periods 37 vi Contents PART II Background to the historical era 39 4 The homelands of the major Near Eastern kingdoms 41 Maps: Core regions of the Near Eastern kingdoms 42 Mesopotamia and surrounding territories (NASA satellite image) 44 Modern Syria and its neighbours 45 5 Writing systems 47 6 A sample of sites where important inscriptions have been found 53 Map: Sites of important inscriptions 54 7 Trade and mineral resources 58 Maps: Trade routes linking Mesopotamia with its neighbours in the Early Bronze Age 59 Mineral sources in the ancient Near East 60 PART III The Early Bronze Age (continuing into the Middle Bronze Age) 63 8 The Sumerians 65 Map: Sumer and Akkad 66 Site-profile: Nippur 67 Site-plan: Nippur 67 9 Uruk (Warka, biblical Erech) 68 Map: Uruk in context 69 Site-plan: Uruk 69 10 Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom Egypt 71 Maps: Egypt during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods 71 Egypt today (NASA satellite image) 72 11 The Akkadian empire 73 Map: The Akkadian empire in Naram Sin’s reign (c. 2254–2218) 74 12 Ur and the Ur III empire 75 Map: The Ur III empire 76 13 The Early and Middle Bronze Age kingdoms of western Iran 78 Maps: Mesopotamia and western Iran in the 3rd and 2nd millennia bc 79 Trade routes linking Akkad with the Persian Gulf and Meluhha 79 14 The Amorites 81 Map: Northern Syria and northern Mesopotamia in the Early and Middle Bronze Ages 82 Site-profile: Ebla 83 Site-plan: Ebla 83 Contents vii PART IV The Middle Bronze Age (continuing into the Late Bronze Age) 85 15 The Isin and Larsa dynasties 87 Maps: The kingdoms of Isin and Larsa (c. 1950) 88 The kingdoms of Babylon and Larsa (c. 1790) 88 16 The Old Assyrian kingdom 89 Map: The Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia in Samsi-Addu’s reign (c. 1796–1775) 90 17 The Assyrian merchant colonies 92 Map: Trade routes during the Assyrian colony period 93 18 The Diyala region 94 Maps: Main centres of the Diyala region 95 19 The Habur (Khabur) river region 96 Map: The Habur region and its environs 97 20 The Old Babylonian kingdom 100 Map: The kingdom of Hammurabi (c. 1792–1750) 101 21 Mari 103 Site-plan: The palace of Mari 103 Map: Northern Mesopotamia during Zimri-Lim’s reign (c. 1774–1762) 104 22 The cities and kingdoms of Syria in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages 106 Map: Syria, south-eastern Anatolia, and north-western Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium bc 107 Site-profile: Ugarit 110 Site-plan: Ugarit 110 PART V The Late Bronze Age (continuing into the Iron Age) 111 23 The major Late Bronze Age kingdoms 113 Map: Late Bronze Age Anatolia, northern Syria, and northern Mesopotamia (mid 14th cent.) 114 24 The Hittites 115 Maps: The Hittite homeland 115 The Hittite empire (late 14th–13th cent.) 116 Site-plan: Hattusa 118 25 Arzawa and the Luwians 121 Map: The Arzawa lands 121 viii Contents 26 The Hurrians and Mitanni (Mittani) 123 Map: The Mitannian empire and its contemporaries (15th cent.) 123 27 The adventures of Idrimi 125 Map: Idrimi’s quest 125 28 The Middle Assyrian empire 127 Map: The Middle Assyrian empire (c. 1365–1076) 128 29 Kassite Babylonia 129 Maps: Babylonia under Kassite rule 130 Kassite Babylonia and the contemporary ‘Great Kingdoms’ 130 30 Middle and New Kingdom Egypt 131 Maps: New Kingdom Egypt 132 Ahmose’s expulsion of the Hyksos 133 31 The Canaanites 134 Map: Canaan 135 32 The Syro-Palestinian states attested in the Amarna letters 137 Map: Sites named in the Amarna letters 138 33 Hittites and Egyptians in conflict 139 Map: Ramesses’ route to Qadesh 140 Site-plan: The Hittite attack at Qadesh 140 34 Troy 142 Map: The Troad 142 Site-plan: Citadel of Troy, major levels 143 35 Ahhiyawa 145 Map: The Mycenaean (‘Ahhiyawan’) world and western Anatolia 146 36 Bronze Age Cyprus 147 Maps: Alasiya under attack 147 Cyprus: main Bronze Age sites 148 37 The Sea Peoples 150 Map: Suggested routes of the Sea Peoples 150 38 The Middle Elamite and Neo-Elamite periods 152 Map: The middle Elamite kingdom 152 Site-plan: Al-Untash-Napirisha (Chogha Zanbil) 153 PART VI The Iron Age 155 39 The age of iron 157 Map: The Iron Age kingdoms of northern Syria and south-eastern Anatolia 158 Site-profile: Damascus 159 Contents ix 40 The Neo-Hittite kingdoms 160 Map: The region of the Neo-Hittite states 161 41 Tabal, Hilakku and Que (Adanawa/Hiyawa) 163 Map: The kingdoms of Tabal, Hilakku and Que 164 42 The Neo-Assyrian empire 166 Maps: The Neo-Assyrian world 167 The Neo-Assyrian empire: main stages in its development 168 Site-plan: Nineveh 170 Battle of Qarqar (853) 171 Map: Routes leading to Qarqar 171 43 The Phoenicians 172 Maps: Phoenicia and its neighbours 173 Phoenician colonizing and commercial enterprises abroad 174 44 The Iron Age countries and kingdoms of Transjordan 176 Maps: Iron Age Palestine and Transjordan: main regions 177 Iron Age Palestine and Transjordan: main cities and towns 179 45 The Philistines 181 Maps: Philistia and its neighbours 181 The Philistine Pentapolis 182 46 1st millennium bc Anatolia 184 Map: Countries, kingdoms and cities of 1st millennium bc Anatolia 185 47 Phrygia and Lydia 186 Map: The kingdoms of Phrygia and Lydia 187 48 Urartu 189 Map: Urartu 190 49 The Cimmerians 193 Map: The Cimmerian invasions 193 50 Egypt in the Third Intermediate and Saite periods (1069–525 bc) 195 Map: Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period (1069–747) 196 PART VII The Greeks in the East 197 51 Aeolians, Ionians, Dorians 199 Map: Post Bronze Age Greek migrations 200 52 Two major Bronze Age–Classical sites of western Anatolia 201 Site-plan: Miletus 201 Map: Greek and Roman cities of western Anatolia/Asia Minor 202

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This atlas provides students and scholars with a broad range of information on the development of the Ancient Near East from prehistoric times through the beginning of written records in the Near East (c. 3000 BC) to the late Roman Empire and the rise of Islam. The geographical coverage of the Atlas
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