Atlas of medieval Europe

282 Pages·1997·18.401 MB·English

by  Ditchburn, David, MacKay, Angus

ATLAS OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE

ATLAS
of
MEDIEVAL
EUROPE
EDITED BY
ANGUS MACKAY WITH DAVID DITCHBURN

London and New York
First published 1997
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

First published in paperback 1997

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002.

Introduction © 1997 Angus MacKay
Selection and editorial matter, bibliography
© 1997 Angus MacKay and David Ditchburn
Individual maps and texts © 1997 The contributors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of
Congress

ISBN 0-203-43170-7 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-73994-9 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-415-01923-0 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-12231-7 (pbk)
CONTENTS
Preface viii Northern European Monasticism 42
Contributors x Byzantine Missions among the Slavs 44
Tenth- and Eleventh-Century Centres of
PHYSICAL EUROPE Reform 45
Western Europe: Physical Features 3 Episcopal Sees in Europe at the End of
the Tenth Century 46
THE EARLY MIDDLEAGES (to c. 1100) The Influx of Relics into Saxony 50
Politics
The Roman Empire in 395 AD 7 Government, Society and Economy
Barbarian Migrations of the Fourth and Royal Carolingian Residential Villas 51
Fifth Centuries 8 Burhs and Mints in Late Anglo-Saxon
Barbarian Kingdoms in the First Half of England 52
the Sixth Century 9 Royal Itineraries: Eleventh-Century
Merovingian Gaul, c. 600 10 France and Germany 53
The Empire of Justinian, 527–65 12 England under William I 55
The Expansion of Islam in the Hamwic: Anglo-Saxon Southampton 57
Mediterranean Area (7th–9th Dorestad 57
centuries) 14 Constantinople 58
Italy in the Eighth Century 16 Early Medieval Rome 59
The Carolingian Empire under Ravenna 60
Charlemagne, 768–814 18 Trade Routes of the Carolingian Empire 61
Division of the Carolingian Empire, 843 21 The Economy of San Vincenzo al
The Byzantine Empire under the Volturno 63
Macedonian Dynasty (9th–11th
Centuries) 21 Culture
Vikings 23 Irish and Anglo-Saxon Centres on the
Magyars 25 Continent in the Early Middle Ages 65
The East European States, c. 1000 26 Bede’s World 66
France and its Principalities, c. 1000 28
England Before the Normans 30 THE CENTRAL MIDDLE AGES
The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest (c. 1100–c. 1300)
to c. 1140 33 Politics
The Ottonian Empire, 962 35 Angevins and Capetians in the Late
Twelfth Century 71
Religion Frederick Barbarossa and Germany,
Christianity and Paganism in the West, 1152–90 72
c. 350–750 38 Frederick Barbarossa and the Lombard
Early Monasticism to 547 40 League 72
v
The Empire of the Comneni, The Larger Towns of Europe 132
1081–1185 75 Families of Town Law 133
Anglo-Norman Penetration of Wales and The Contado of Lucca in the Twelfth
Ireland 77 Century 135
Scotland in the Central Middle Ages 79 Communal Movements 137
The Normans in Southern Italy and Sicily 84 Settlement Patterns in Medieval Italy 138
Where Did the Crusaders Come From? 85 The Huerta of Valencia 141
The Routes of the First Crusade 86 The Thirteenth-Century Repopulation of
The Second and Third Crusades 87 Andalusia 142
The Crusades of the Emperor Frederick Anti-Semitism, 1096–1306 145
II and St Louis 88
The Crusader States 89 Culture
The Templar Network 91 The Twelfth-Century Renaissance:
Crusader Jerusalem 92 Translation and Transmission 147
Crusader Acre 93 Romanesque Europe 148
Frederick II, the Papacy and Italy 93 Gothic Europe 149
Italy in the Second Half of the Thirteenth
The Travels of Villard de Honnecourt 150
Century 96
The Spread of the Old French Epic 152
The Ostsiedlung 97
Troubadours: Centres of Creativity and
Scandinavia, the Germans and the Baltic 99
Travels of the Poets 153
The Premyslide—Habsburg Conflict in
Languages, c. 1200 154
Central Europe 102
The Mongol—Tatar Invasions of the
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES (c. 1300–
Thirteenth Century and Their Impact
c. 1500)
on the West 104
Politics
France in the Reign of Philip the Fair 106
The Hundred Years War 159
The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest
The Growth of the Burgundian State 162
During the Twelfth and Thirteenth
The Scottish Wars of Independence 164
Centuries 107
Wales: The Principality and the Marches 164
Ireland: English and Gaelic Lordship,
Religion
c. 1350 168
Latin Episcopal Sees at the End of the
The Emergence of Switzerland 170
Thirteenth Century 110
Late Medieval Scandanavia: Unity and
Cistercians, Premonstratensians and
Disunity 171
Others 114
Emperors and Princes: Germany in the
Mendicants 117
Later Middle Ages 172
Béguines and Beghards 117
Northern Italy from the Rise of the
The Papacy and the Conciliar Fathers of
Signori to the Peace of Lodi 174
1215 119
The Expansion of the Crown of Aragon 176
Shrines and Revivals: Popular
The Wars of the Roses 177
Christianity, c. 1200–c. 1300 119
Late Medieval Scotland: Crown and
Heresy, the Albigensian Crusade and the
Magnates, c. 1400 and c. 1460 179
Inquisition, c. 1200–c. 1240 122
Late Medieval Iberia 182
The Advance of the Turks and the
Government, Society and Economy
Provisioning War in the Twelfth Century 125 Crusade in the Later Middle Ages 184
The Rise of Representative Assemblies 127 The Rise of Muscovy and the Union of
European Fairs and Trade Routes 129 Lithuania and Poland 186
The Alpine Passes 131
vi
Religion The Swabian Town League 216
The Avignon Papacy and Papal Fiscality 188 Late Medieval Seville 217
The Great Schism and the Councils 189 Deserted English Villages 218
The Papal States 191 Late Medieval Transhumance in Western
Byzantine Cultural and Monastic Centres 192 Europe 219
The Bohemian Lands and the Hussite European Expansion at the End of the
Wars, 1415–37 194 Middle Ages 222
The Jacquerie 226
Government, Society and Economy The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 226
The Growth of Royal Fiscality and Christians, Jews and Conversos in Late
Administration in France 197 Medieval Iberia 229
Burgundian Administration 201 Consequences of the Black Death:
Castilian Corregidores 201 Pogroms in Germany 230
Representation at the Castilian Cortes,
1445–74 204 Culture
Parliamentary Representation in Later Knightly Journeys 232
Medieval England 205 Margery Kempe 232
The Government of Later Medieval The Spread of Printing 235
Germany 205 Journeys of Major Italian Artists Between
The Spread of the Black Death 209 c. 1250 and c. 1400 237
The German Hanse 211 The Rediscovery of Classical Texts 239
Financial Centres in Western Europe 213 The Rise of Universities 241
Late Thirteenth-Century Brunswick 215
Istanbul 215 Further Reading 244
Novgorod in the Later Middle Ages 216 Index 255
vii
PREFACE
The preparation of an atlas of the history of but I believe that no adequate solution, specifically
Europe during the Middle Ages presents designed for this purpose, exists. When I was a
numerous and complex difficulties. In the first student, which was admittedly a long time ago,
place the period to be covered stretches from the we were advised to use a German atlas which was
late fourth century down to the late fifteenth (or incredibly detailed and well nigh
even early sixteenth) century. In addition, incomprehensible. The present atlas does not aim
however, an atlas of this kind evidently cannot at minute detail compressed into a few cluttered
be confined to Western Europe: Byzantium and maps. On the contrary, the main objective has been
Eastern Europe have to be included, as indeed clarity, and each map is accompanied by an
do such important matters as the exploits of explanatory text.
crusading Europeans overseas, the impact of Using nearly 140 maps, the atlas spans the
Muslims or Mongols, travel abroad, and the early entire medieval period. The actual selection of
voyages of discovery. In terms of social groupings maps to be included was primarily determined
equally formidable problems present themselves. by the years of undergraduate teaching
Obviously the main political events from the fall experienced by the editor and contributors.
of the Roman Empire down to the battles and I am extremely grateful to all those colleagues
treaties of the Hundred Years War have to be who have helped in preparing this volume.
included, but so too do the activities of other Those who have contributed the maps, the
protagonists; for example, popes and anti-popes, accompanying texts and suggestions for further
those who attended and participated in the great reading (contained in the bibliography) have
Church Councils or in parliamentary assemblies, suffered from my incessant demands, requests
Italian and Hanseatic merchants, tax collectors, for clarification and advice, and all the delays
women, colonists, peasants, shepherds (and their inevitable in bringing such a co-operative
sheep), Jews and New Christians, heretics, enterprise to its conclusion. I owe a special debt
writers and translators, troubadours, and to David Ditchburn whose efficiency and
architects and artists. Despite the difficulties versatile talents have frequently made me
inherent in such a task, however, the inclusion ashamed of my own shortcomings.
of such varied facets offers some positive It was Richard Stoneman who originally
advantages. For in addition to the emperors, conceived of the project, and his constant
kings, princes and great nobles, the artisans and encouragement and exemplary patience have
peasants who participated in the French been much appreciated. His successive
Jacquerie or the English revolt of 1381 left their assistants—Anita Roy, Jackie Dias, Kate Morrall
mark on the period, as indeed did the humble and particularly Victoria Peters—have all
Béguines and Beghards. displayed charitable forbearance when dealing
An atlas is an essential tool for the study of with my absent-mindedness.
medieval history. This has long been recognized, Finally, special thanks are due to the
cartographer, Jayne Lewin, for her skill in
viii
converting rough drafts or even mere sketches the history and culture of the countries they are
into clear maps, dealing patiently with late visiting may benefit from the maps and
changes, and in resolving contradictions implicit commentaries provided by the expert
in some of the difficult instructions sent in by contributors.
contributors.
I hope that university undergraduates, senior Angus MacKay
school pupils and professional historians will Department of History
find the atlas useful and rewarding. I also University of Edinburgh
imagine that enlightened tourists interested in
ix