Atlas of Human Sperm Ultrastructural Morphology PDF
Preview Atlas of Human Sperm Ultrastructural Morphology
Wei-Jie Zhu Atlas of Human Sperm Ultrastructural Morphology Atlas of Human Sperm Ultrastructural Morphology Wei-Jie Zhu Atlas of Human Sperm Ultrastructural Morphology Wei-JieZhu CollegeofLifeScienceandTechnology JinanUniversity Guangzhou,China ISBN978-981-15-5324-0 ISBN978-981-15-5325-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5325-7 #SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore Preface Spermmorphologyisamajorfeatureofmalegametesthatplaysanessential roleinsperm–oocyteinteractionsandearlyembryonicdevelopment.Withthe increasedapplicationofscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)inreproductive medicineinrecentdecades,thegreatimportanceofhumanspermultrastruc- tural morphology has been demonstrated in the evaluation of certain aetiologies of male infertility and reproductive failure. However, the human sperm ultrastructural morphology has been incompletely described in the literature in the form of isolated case reports or common introductions. The ultrastructuralmorphologyofhumanspermatozoahasnotbeensystematically evaluated to date. Therefore, the author feels that a comprehensive and detailedpresentation concerningspermultrastructuralmorphologyisneeded now because of its significant value in both basic science and clinical application. The aim of this atlas is to systematically provide ultrastructural morpho- logicalimages of human spermatozoa. The atlasincludesnine chapterswith 470 images onvariousultrastructuralmorphological phenotypes anddefects ofthespermhead,neck,middlepiece,principalpiece,andterminalpiece,as wellasartefactsofspermultrastructuralmorphologyandphenomenarelated toinadequatepreparation.Allimagesareoriginalandhavenotbeenpublished elsewhere. Many sperm phenotypes and surface structural appearances are demonstratedforthefirsttime.Eachspermphenotype,surfacestructure,and defect are presented in several images to fully show their ultrastructural morphology.Someoftheimagesofsurfacestructuresandcomponentshave additionalpicturesofthespermatozoontofurtherdemonstratetherelationship betweenthesurfacestructureorcomponentandthespermatozoon. Spermmorphologymediatesthestructuresofthespermatozoontoachieve sperm functions. During the passage of sperm through the female reproduc- tive tract, sperm–oocyte interactions, anddeliveryof thepaternalgenometo theoocytebythesperm,thespermatozoonchangestorespondtoitsextracel- lular environment by very precise and complicated processes, which are associated with the fine morphology of the spermatozoon. In addition, sperm morphology indicates the status of the spermatozoon undergoing spermiogenesis and epididymal maturation. Thus, based on these considerations, in this atlas, sperm phenotype and surface status have been classified in detail to comprehensively recognize sperm ultrastructural mor- phology. However, such a classification of sperm phenotype and surface v vi Preface status requires further investigations on both mechanisms and clinical implications. In this atlas, the author discusses the concept of sperm ultrastructural morphology and categorizes the sperm phenotypes and defects on surface structures or phenomenon of spermatozoa. Morphological abnormalities of spermatozoausuallyoccurinmultiples.Thepresentedimagesineachpartof thechapterareonlyexamplesfortheintroductionofthatphenotypeordefect anddonotevaluatetheotherpartsofthewholespermatozoon. This atlas presents many images introducing various sperm phenotypes and defects on surface structures and phenomena in detail, which raises the question of what phenotype or phenomenon represents the “normal” and “typical”ultrastructuralmorphologyofspermatozoa.Thisquestionisalways aseriousconsiderationintheselectionoftheimages,andtheauthordoesnot solvethisparticularlydifficultprobleminthebook. Theimagesforthisatlaswerecollectedbetweentheyears2005and2016 fromtheauthor’sownexperiencesinthecourseofresearchonmaleinfertil- ity.Mostofthephotographsweretakenbyaconventionalscanningelectron microscope, and some were taken by a field-emission scanning electron microscope.SEMhasundergonerapiddevelopmentinrecentyears.Different types of SEM yield images of different qualities and demonstrate different ultrastructuralmorphologiesofspermatozoaduetotheirmagnification,reso- lution,andimage-formingsystem.Itisbelievedthatinthefuture,anewtype of SEM will be developed to view the ultrastructural morphology of human spermatozoaintheirnaturalstates. In recent years, many colleagues and friends have provided assistance in manywaystosupportthecompletionofthisbook.Theauthorwouldliketo take this opportunity to express his sincere thanks to them for their help. In particular, the author wishes to thank Mr. Zu-Wen Guo, engineer, and other colleaguesattheElectronMicroscopeLaboratory,JinanUniversity,fortheir excellenttechnicalassistance.TheauthoralsowishestothankMr.Xu-XinLi and Dr. Huan Jiang for their generous assistance with the selection of the images. The author dedicates this atlas to the scientific community and sincerely hopes that the atlas with its many informative images will facilitate an in-depth recognition of sperm morphology and provide practical assistance tocolleaguesworkinginthefieldsofandrology,reproductivemedicine,and reproductivepathologyforabetterunderstandingofhumanspermultrastruc- turalmorphology. Guangzhou,China Wei-JieZhu March2020 Contents 1 IntroductionofHumanSpermUltrastructuralMorphology. . 1 1.1 FormationofSpermMorphology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 ConceptofSpermUltrastructuralMorphology. . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 MainFeaturesoftheObservationofSpermUltrastructural Morphology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4 MainLimitationsoftheObservationofSperm UltrastructuralMorphology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 References. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 3 2 UltrastructuralMorphologyofHumanSpermHead. . . . . . . 5 2.1 UltrastructuralMorphologicalFeaturesoftheHead. . . . . . 5 2.2 UltrastructuralMorphologicalClassificationandAnomalies oftheHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.1 Oval-ShapedHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.2 RoundHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.2.3 PyriformHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.2.4 TaperedHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2.5 LargeHead. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 24 2.2.6 SmallHead. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 28 2.2.7 AmorphousHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2.8 DoubleorMultipleHeads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.2.9 DegeneratedHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.2.10 IsolatedHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.2.11 DifferentViewsoftheHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.3 UltrastructuralMorphologicalAnomaliesoftheSurface StatusoftheHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.4 UltrastructuralMorphologicalAnomaliesandPhenomena ofSurfaceStructuresoftheHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 2.4.1 Acrosome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 2.4.2 EquatorialSegment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 2.4.3 PostacrosomalSheath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 2.5 UltrastructuralMorphologicalAnomalies ofthePostacrosomalRegion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 References. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 125 vii viii Contents 3 UltrastructuralMorphologyofHumanSpermNeck. . . . . . . 127 3.1 UltrastructuralMorphologicalFeaturesoftheNeck. . . . . . 127 3.2 CytoplasmicRemnant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.2.1 ResidualTypesofCytoplasmicRemnant. . . . . . . 129 3.2.2 ClassificationofCytoplasmicRemnant. . . . . . . . . 129 3.3 UltrastructuralMorphologicalAnomaliesoftheNeck. . . . 129 References. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 170 4 UltrastructuralMorphologyofHumanSpermMiddle Piece. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . 171 4.1 UltrastructuralMorphologicalFeaturesoftheMiddle Piece. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 171 4.2 UltrastructuralMorphologicalAnomaliesandPhenomena oftheMiddlePiece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 References. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 191 5 UltrastructuralMorphologyofHumanSpermPrincipal Piece. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . 193 5.1 UltrastructuralMorphologicalFeaturesofthePrincipal Piece. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 193 5.2 UltrastructuralMorphologicalAnomaliesandPhenomena ofthePrincipalPiece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 References. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 222 6 UltrastructuralMorphologyofHumanSpermTerminal Piece. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . 223 6.1 UltrastructuralMorphologicalFeaturesoftheTerminal Piece. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 223 6.2 UltrastructuralMorphologicalAnomaliesandPhenomena oftheTerminalPiece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 References. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 226 7 UltrastructuralMorphologicalMeasurementofHuman Sperm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 7.1 UltrastructuralMorphometricDataofSpermComponents. . 227 7.2 UltrastructuralMorphometryofSurfaceDefectsofSperm. . 234 References. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 237 8 ArtefactsofHumanSpermUltrastructuralMorphology. . . . 239 8.1 PossibleCausesofArtefacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 8.1.1 ElectronBeamDamage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 8.1.2 Air-DryingEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 8.1.3 CentrifugationForceEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 8.1.4 ExtracellularSolutionEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 8.1.5 PoorStorageConditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 8.2 PatternsofArtefacts. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 240 8.2.1 RuptureoftheSpermHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 8.2.2 SeparationoftheSpermNeckorHead-Middle Piece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Contents ix 8.2.3 DisassembledandDenudedDenseFibresand/or AxonemeoftheTail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 8.2.4 TailModification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 8.3 PreventionofArtefacts. . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . 244 References. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 253 9 PhenomenaRelatedtoInadequatePreparationofHuman Sperm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 9.1 IdealPreparationConditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 9.2 InadequatePreparationPatterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 9.3 SamplePreparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 References. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 274 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 About the Author Wei-Jie Zhu is a Professor at the Institute of Reproductive Immunology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. He received his B.S in Biology and M.S in Developmental Biology fromJinanUniversity,andholdsaPhDinMaleReproductionfromtheSouth China University of Technology. He became a full Professor in 1998. He is currentlytheassociateeditor-in-chiefofthe“ChineseJournalofReproduction andContraception.” Dr.Zhuhascompleted20scientificresearchprojectsfundedbyavarietyof foundations.Hehasauthoredorco-authoredmorethan300papersininterna- tional and national journals, dealing with aspects of andrology, infertility etiology, cryobiology, and contraceptive vaccine. Currently his research focusesonhumanspermfunctionalevaluation,effectsofpollutantsonrepro- ductiveglands,semencryopreservation,andassistedreproductivetechniques. xi
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