Atlas of Human Anatomy PDF
Preview Atlas of Human Anatomy
SPALTEHOLZ-SPANNER ATLAS OF H U M AN ANATOMY ORIGINALLY DEVISED BY WERNER SPALTEHOLZ late Professor of Anatomy at the University of Leipzig SIXTEENTH EDITION, REWRITTEN IN THE P.N.A. REVISED AND RE-EDITED BY RUDOLF SPANNER late Professor of Anatomy and Director of the Anatomical Institute at the University of Cologne ENGLISH EDITION TRANSLATED AND PREPARED BY ALEXANDER NEDERVEEN Surgeon, Amstelveen IN COLLABORATION WITH G. N. C. CRAWFORD Lecturer in the Department of Human Anatomy and Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford BUTTERWORTHS LONDON © 1967. Sclii'ltcma & Holkema NV, Amsterdam No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without written permission from the publishers. All rights reserved Printing history of the original German edition WERNER SPALTEHOLZ 1861-I94O ist edition 1895-1900 2nd edition 1899-1901 3rd edition 1901-1903 4th edition 1905-1906 5th edition 1907-1909 6th edition 1910-1912 jth edition 1913-1914 8th edition 1918 gth edition 1919-1920 10th edition 1921 11th edition 1922 12th edition 1929 13th edition 1932-1933 14th edition 1939-1940 These editions were published in three volumes by S. Hirzel Verlag, Leipzig 15th edition 1953-1954 Revised, augmented, and re-edited by Rudolf Spanner, published in two volumes of illustrations and two volumes of text, jointly by Scheltema & Holkema NV, Amsterdam and S. Hirzel Verlag, Zurich and Stuttgart 16th edition 1959-1961 In two volumes, fully revised by Rudolf Spanner ft *9^ *λ published by Scheltema & Holkema NV, Amsterdam This English version of the 16th edition is published for the United States of America and the Philippine Islands by F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia Pa. ; for the United Kingdom, Eire, the Commonwealth of Nations, the African Continent and Asia (except Japan and Indonesia) by Butterworths, London; for the European Continent (including Scandinavia, Turkey, and the Soviet Union), for Japan and Indonesia by Scheltema & Holkema NV, Amsterdam Reproduction and printing of illustrations : NV Drukkerij Senefelder, Amsterdam Text composed by Sint-Augustinusdrukkerij Desclée De Brouwer NV, Bruges (Belgium) Text printed by Drukkerijen vh. Ellerman Harms NV, Amsterdam Bound by Proost en Brandt NV, Amsterdam Typography by H. van Krimpen Set in Monophoto Bembo PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS PREFACE To the first volume of the German edition director of the Senefelder Press in Amsterdam, and to Mr. P. Bout, head of their reproduction department, 'We are glad that the demand for the 15th edition of who have taken unlimited trouble to meet my wishes Spalteholz's Handatlas und Lehrbuch der Anatomie des and produce the best possible results. I am deeply Menschen has been such that a new edition is already indebted to Mr. F. B. Bakels, managing director of required. The present 16th edition shows some essential the publishing house of Scheltema & Holkema, who changes. spared no pains as regards the appearance of the book. 4 To meet the students' requirements another printing Finally I should thank my assistants Rosenbauer, process has been chosen after prolonged trial, giving Bourry, Watermaun, and Schott, for their many val- better reproduction of the material at lower cost. The uable suggestions while reading the proofs; my most number of illustrations has been increased, the majority grateful thanks go to my faithful co-operator Mrs. being colored and the coloring generally being more Hentsch-Pardey for her untiring efforts in the revision uniform than in the 15 th edition. A number of illustra- of all illustrations and proofs. tions have been replaced by new ones of higher quality, 'It is hoped that the present abundant collection of thus easing the student's task. They are all accompanied plates will encourage the students in their study of by brief captions indicating their main features and anatomy and will strengthen that visual memory, which using English terms. is so vital to the acquisition of a spatial image of the 'The greatly increased number of illustrations with human body.' (Rudolf Spanner, July 1959.) their numerous cross-references enable the student, by comparing various views, to gain a three-dimensional impression of the subject matter. The functional To the second volume anatomy of bones, joints, muscles, and tendon sheaths has received the author's special attention; he has, in 'This preface is to express the publishers' great admira- fact, generally endeavored to demonstrate the function tion and respect for the memory of Rudolf Spanner. of structures in the living subject and their clinical With untiring energy and enthusiasm he devoted his importance. The section dealing with the vertebral knowledge and skill to the 15 th and 16th editions of column has been enlivened by comparing roentgeno- this work, so as to produce a manual for practical use grams, photographs, and anatomical drawings of the in the dissection room which is both scientifically various normal positions. For these my thanks are due sound and reasonably priced. One hundred and thirty to Dr. Leger of Cologne. The roentgenograms have new illustrations have been added, half of them con- been reproduced by the Log-E-Tronic process, excellent tributed by Professor Spanner himself, which, especially detail thus being obtained. My thanks are due in this in the realm of embryology, should greatly facilitate respect to Professor Becker of Heidelberg and Professor the student's task. Janker of Bonn, who kindly allowed us to use their 'Shortly before finishing the second volume, Rudolf apparatus. Spanner, still at the height of his powers, was called 4 A number of new illustrations of the joints, e.g. the to his rest on August 31st, i960. Until the very end he knee and the tarsal joints, afford the student better was working almost day and night on the book to insight into the function in the living subject. The which the last years of his life were devoted. illustrations showing the muscles have been revised 'Warmest thanks are due to Professor Niessing of as well as possible and have been grouped in such a way Marburg, who kindly undertook the remaining correc- that the student will find the successive layers of the tions in the spirit of Spanner. This was no easy task dissection displayed in succeeding pages. The twenty- owing to the change, made in this edition, from one roentgenograms on pp. 360-400 are new ones of B.N.A. to P.N.A. healthy subjects, also reproduced by the Log-E-Tronic 'Thanks are also due to: Dr. Liese, Cologne, for the process. Dr. W. Bergerhoff of Cologne kindly put the roentgenogram of the esophagus; Dr. Bergerhoff, original plates at our disposal. My thanks are also due Cologne, for the roentgenogram of the skull ; Professor to Professor Seiferth of Cologne for the roentgenogram Tönnis, Cologne, for the use of his Log-E-Tronic of the paranasal sinuses (fig. 38), and to Dr. Liese of apparatus; Dr. Rosenbauer and Professor Zinser, Cologne for those of the hand (figs. 454 and 456). Cologne, for fig. 1276; Professors Ortmann, Schulten, Tn order to increase the usefulness of the book in Pompeyano, Wolff-Heidegger, Reiffenstuhl, and their the dissection room and study, its former subdivision publishers, Messrs. Karger in Basel and New York, into a volume of text and another of illustrations has Georg Thieme in Stuttgart, and Urban & Schwarzen- been abandoned and instead a short text accompanies berg in Munich, Berlin and Vienna, for many valuable the pictures. The P.N.A. has been used throughout, illustrations; Messrs. Carl Zeiss, Cologne, for the color this simplifying reference to current literature. photograph of a lymph node (fig. 816); the University * The exacting task of arranging the text in the space Libraries of Cologne, Amsterdam and Leyden for the left by the illustrations and designing the typography loan of various rare volumes; Mr. M. C. de Vré, have been most happily carried out by Mr. H. van Amsterdam, and Mr. C. de Vré, The Hague, for Krimpen of Amsterdam. their untiring efforts in retouching originals in accord- 'My special thanks are due to Mr. C. M. Jacobson, ance with the author's wishes; Messrs. Schmitt and V Kirchem, both in Cologne, for numerous drawings; introduction of anglicized forms would create a dis- Drs. Schott, Rosenbauer, Weiden, and Hoffmann, all crepancy between text and illustrations, and space was in Cologne, assistants to the late Professor Spanner, not sufficient to print both text and lists of translated for their willing co-operation in the preparation of terms, it was decided, albeit with some reluctance, to this book; and finally Mrs. G. Hentsch-Pardey, for return to the plan of the 15th German edition by giving nine years Prof. Spanner's indispensable collaborator, the atlas only. We felt that the requirements of English- who, with the invaluable assistance of Professors speaking students would be better served by giving Niessing, Veit, and Kiesselbach, all in Cologne, com- them a translation of the Latin terms picture by picture, pleted the manuscript after the tragic August 31st, i960. as far as this was feasible. Though it appeared impossible * Finally we quote from the speech made by Professor to adhere strictly to the principle that the reader should Goerttler in Cologne on occasion of the University not be compelled to refer to another page, the arrange- Day of Mourning, December 7th, i960: "He lived ment turned out surprisingly well. Occasionally one in a pellucid world of images, created by himself, list of terms had to serve a group of similar pictures, which will, in part, be preserved in Spalteholz's Atlas. spread out over a couple of pages, and, through lack The value of his scientific labors need not be stressed. of space, terms that are identical in Latin and English They will keep his name alive long after the memory of had to be omitted in many lists. his personality has returned to the shades..." (Scheltema As there is no official English version of the Paris & Holkema, February 1961.) Anatomical Nomenclature (P.N.A.), our translation has of necessity a personal flavor. For example, to avoid the tedious and space-consuming use of the English To the English version word * muscle' for ' musculus', the names of the muscles are given a capital initial and the word 'muscle' is This English version was produced to make Spaltcholz- omitted. Spanner's Atlas available to a larger public. The under- It goes without saying that this task could not have taking presented some technical difficulties. The plates been completed without the help of an English- —with their Latin terms—had already been printed, speaking anatomist and I am most grateful to Dr. leaving for any English text only the space relinquished G. N. C. Crawford for his collaboration. by the running commentary in the German edition. As an English text with pure Latin terms would Amstelveen, The Netherlands, August 1966 provide tiresome reading for the student, while the Alexander Nederveen VI COMMON ANATOMICAL TERMS Ablatus resected or removed chiasma (-atis) crossing accessorius accessory chorda cord acinus grape cinereus ash grey acromion part of the scapula forming tip of cingulum girdle shoulder circulus circle aditus (IV decl.) entrance circumferentia circumference adminiculum a support cisterna cistern or fluid-filled cavity afferens conveying towards a structure cleido- from χλεΐς, key aggregatus crowded together clinoideus bed-shaped ala wing clivus slope albus white clunes (-ium) the buttocks alveolus trough; small sac-like dilatation cochleariformis shaped like a snail shell or spoon ambulando (in) in walking coeliacus pertaining to the abdomen ampulla flask-like dilatation colligens collecting anastomosis communication collum neck angulus angle columna column or pillar ansa handle, loop commissura junction between structures antebrachium forearm condylaris pertaining to a condyle antrum cavity condylus knuckle or knuckle-shaped part anulus ring of bone anus terminal opening of the gut conideus shaped like a cone apertura opening contortus twisted apex (apicis) top; summit conus cone aponeurosis flat tendinous sheet coracoideus like a crow's beak apophysis process; outgrowth (usually of cornu horn bone) corona crown arcus (IV decl.) arch coronarius, coronalis like a crown area plane surface coronoideus shaped like a hook or crow's arteria artery beak arthrodia joint which allows gliding mo- corpus (-oris) body tion of the surfaces corpus adiposum pad of fat articulatio (-onis) joint corpusculum small body asper rough corrugator that which wrinkles cortex (-icis) bark, outer layer of an organ corticalis pertaining to the cortex Brachium arm cranialis towards the head brevis short cremaster that which suspends bulbus a rounded mass cribrosus like a sieve bulla elevation; vesicle crista crest bursa purse: sac-like cavity containing cruciatus crossed fluid crus (cruris) leg cuneus wedge Caeruleus blue cuspis point calcar (-ris) spur cutis callosa scalp callosus hard; thick calx (calcis) heel Decussatio crossing canaliculus small canal dens (dentis) tooth canalis canal detractus drawn away capitulum a small head dexter right caput (capitis) head diaphysis shaft of a long bone cartilago (-ginis) cartilage difissio cleavage caruncula small fleshy eminence dilatatus dilated cauda tail dimidia pars half caudalis towards the tail discus disk cavitas (-atis) hollow space distalis distal ; towards the fingers or toes cavum hollow or cavity or furthest from the centre cavum articulare a joint cavity distractus drawn apart cella small, closed space dorsalis towards the back cellula cell dorsum back cervix (-icis) neck ductulus a small duct IX ductus (IV decl.) duct or hollow passage glandul.i sudorifcra sweat gland durus hard glenoidalis resembling a shallow pit or depression Efferens conveying away from a centre glomerulus tuft or cluster elatus elevated glomus ball of thread ; small conglomer- eminentia eminence ation of blood vessels ensiformis shaped like a sword gyrus a fold or convolution epicondylus eminence upon a long bone, above its condyle Hamulus little hook epiphysis the part of a long bone at the helix (-icis) snail or coil end of the shaft hiatus (IV decl.) gap or fissure extensor a muscle performing extension hilus the depression where the vessels extensus extended and nerves enter an organ externus external; occurring on the out- humor a fluid side hyoideus pertaining to the υ-shapcd hyoid extremitas (-atis) extremity or terminal part; limb bone Faciès surface Impressio (-onis) hollow or indentation faciès articularis articular surface incisura notch faix (falcis) sickle incisus cut; made by cutting fascia sheet or band of connective tissue inclinatio (-onis) inclination fasciculus bundle inferior situated or directed below fibra fiber infundibulum funnel fibrocartilago fibrocartilage initium beginning fibrosus fibrous insertio insertion or attachment fibularis pertaining to or on the side of the integumentum skin fibula intercalatus intercalated, inserted between filiformis thread-shaped intermedius intermediate filum thread internus internal fissura cleft or groove intersectio (-onis) a division flaccid us flaccid introitus (IV decl.) entrance flavus yellow intumesccntia swelling flexor a muscle performing flexion inversus inverted, transposed, turned in- flexura bend side out folium leaf isthmus a narrow passage folliculus small secretory follicle or sac foramen (-minis) hole Jugulum the depression of the neck above foramen nutricium nutrient foramen for blood the clavicle vessels jugum a yoke fornix (-icis) arch junctura junction fossa hollow or depression junctura synovialis synovial joint fossa articularis articular fossa junctura fibrosa fibrous joint fossa glenoidalis shallow depression junctura cartilaginea cartilaginous joint fossula a small fossa fovea small pit or depression Labium lip foveola small fovea labrum brim, lip frenulum small bridle or band lacer lacerated, torn frontalis pertaining to the forehead or lacinia slip front of a structure lacuna defect or gap fundiformis shaped like a sling or loop lamina plate fundus the base of an organ lateralis lateral, pertaining to the side fungiformis shaped like a mushroom latus (lateralis) side funiculus cord lemniscus ribbon, band furca fork ligamentum band, hence ligament fuscus dark lima file limbus border Galea helmet limen (-minis) threshold ganglion knot ; group of nerve cells linea line gemellus twin liquor (-ris) a liquid geniculum little knee; a sharp bend or lobulus small lobe angular structure lobus lobe genu knee longitudinalis longitudinal ginglymus hinge; hinge joint lumbricalis like an intestinal or earthworm glabella hairless: the median elevation lumbus loin between the superciliary arches glandula gland Macula stain or spot glandula mucosa mucous gland margo border glandula salivalis salivary gland massa mass glandula sebacea sebaceous gland mastoideus breast-shaped X glandula serosa serous gland meatus (IV decl.) passage medialis medial, pertaining to the middle plexus (IV decl.) network medianus median, situated in the middle plica fold médius middle or between two struc- pol us pole tures poples (-litis) the posterior part of the knee medulla marrow portio (-onis) part membrana membrane poms pore, opening membrum member, hence limb posterior situated behind meniscus crescent processus (IV decl.) process mesothelium layer of flat cells derived from the profundus deep mesoderm, covering certain prolatus advanced surfaces prominentia prominence molaris pertaining to a mill, hence grind- protrusio (-onis) protrusion ing tooth protuberantia protuberance motus (IV decl.) movement proximalis proximal, nearest to the trunk or multifidus cleft into many parts center musculus muscle pulpa flesh, pulp pulposus fleshy, soft, gelatinous Nervus nerve punctum point nodulus little node punctum ossificationis centre of ossification nodus knot, node nucha back of the neck Radialis radial, pertaining to the radius nucleus centre radix (-ids) root nutricius providing food, nourishing ramus branch raphe seam Obliquus slanting, oblique recessus (IV decl.) recess or cavity obturatorius closing an opening regio (-onis) region obturatus occluded relaxatus relaxed shoulder, hence omohyoid mus- resectus resected, cut off cle connecting scapula with rete (retis) net or meshwork hyoid retinaculum halter, hence a connective tissue opponens opposing band holding a structure in its orbicularis circular place orificium opening retractus retracted organum organ rima fissure or crack origo (-ginis) origin rostrum beak os (oris) mouth ruber red os (ossis) bone rudimentum the rudiment or first appearance osseus osseous of a developing organ ostium mouth or orifice Sacciformis shaped like a sac Pallidus pale saccus sac palmaris pertaining to the palm sagittalis sagittal, running antero-poste- paniculus adiposus fatty cloth, hence superficial riorly, like an arrow, or in the fascia plane of the sagittal suture papilla nipple, hence nipple-shaped ele- scala staircase vation scalenus oblique, uneven, hence trian- paramedianus situated near the midline gular structure of unequal sides parenchyma (-atis) the essential functional cellular scapula alata winged scapula elements of a gland or organ scaphoideus scaphoid, shaped like a boat paries (-etis) wall sella saddle parietalis pertaining to a wall semicanalis canal open on one side pars part septulum small septum pars terminalis terminal part septum partition partim partly serra saw pecten (-tinis) comb serratus serrated, having a saw-like edge pectus (-toris) breast sesamoideus sesamoid, shaped like sesame pelvis basin plant seed perforans perforating sinus (IV decl.) hollowed-out cavity perforatus perforated sinister left perichondrium the membrane covering the sur- solea sole, sandal face of cartilage solum base periosteum the membrane covering the sur- spatium space face of bone speculum probe peroneus pertaining to the fibula or outer sphenoidalis sphenoidal, wedge-shaped side of the leg sphincter that which binds tight petrosus petrous, resembling a rock spina spine or thorn piriformis piriform, pear-shaped splenium bandage or compress pisiformis pisiform, shaped like a pea splenius like a bandage or compress plantaris plantar, pertaining to the sole of spongiosus sponge-like the foot squama scale XI stratum blanket, hence layer tuber (-is) hump or swelling stria streak or band tuberculum tubercle, small eminence stroma (-atis) bed cover, hence, dubiously, tuberositas (-atis) tuberosity, broad eminence connective support or frame- tubulus tubule, small tube work of organ tunica layer sublatus detached or lifted up tunica propria the particular coating of connec- subsidium reserve tive tissue of the mucosa or substantia substance dermis succus juice tympanicus tympanic, pertaining to the tym- sulcus groove panum supercilium eyebrow tympanum drum, hence middle ear superficialis superficial sustentaculum support Ulnaris ulnar, pertaining to the ulna sutura sewing together, hence type of umbra shadow joint between bones uncinatus uncinate, hook-shaped synchondrosis union of bones by means of unipennatus unipennate; from penna, feather cartilage uvula little grape syndesmosis union of bones by means of fibrous tissue Vagina sheath synostosis union of bones by means of os- vagina tendinum tendon sheath seous tissue vallatus vallate, walled synovia viscid fluid of a joint cavity vallecula depression or groove valva valve or fold Taenia flat band, tape valvula little valve tectus covered vas (vasis) vessel tegmen (-inis), tegmentum covering vastus great, vast tela web, hence web-like layer velum veil or covering tela conjunctiva layer of connective tissue vena vein tela elastica elastic layer venter belly tendineus of a tendinous nature ventralis pertaining to the belly, abdomen tendo (-dinis) tendon or front of the body tensus tense vertex (—icis) summit or top tentorium tent vcsica bladder tenuis thin vesicula small bladder teres (teretis) round vestibulum vestibule terminalis terminal vestigium vestige, a rudimentary structure, tibialis tibial, pertaining to the tibia which may be well developed torus protuberance or swelling in the embryo trabecula small bar or beam villus hair, hence hair-like structure trabs (trabis) beam vinculum band tractus (IV decl.) tract viscus internal organ translucidus translucent vitreus glass-like transparans transparent vola the palm of the hand transitio (-onis) transition volaris volar, pertaining to the palm transversus transverse vortex (-icis) whirl trigonum triangle trochlea a pulley Xiphoideus xiphoid, shaped like a sword truncus trunk tuba tube Zona girdle, belt, zone XII GENERAL ANATOMY Acromion acromion Calcaneus calcaneus Clavicula clavicle Cranium cranium Femur femur Fibula fibula Humérus humérus L4 fourth lumbar vertebra Os coxae hip bone Os sacrum sacrum Patella patella Pelvis pelvis Promontorium promontory Radius radius Spina scapulae spine of the scapula Talus talus Thorax thorax Tibia tibia Ulna ulna Vertebra prominens vertebra prominens Front view Lateral view 1/2. The skeleton 3
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