Atlas of Clinical Sleep Medicine: Expert Consult - Online and Print, 2e

556 Pages·2013·216.52 MB·English

by  Alon Y. Avidan

Atlas of CLINICAL
SLEEP MEDICINE

Atlas of CLINICAL
SLEEP MEDICINE
SECOND EDITION
Meir H. Kryger, MD
Professor of Medicine
Yale School of Medicine
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut
Alon Y. Avidan, MD, MPH
Professor of Neurology
Director, UCLA Sleep Disorders Center
Director, UCLA Neurology Clinic
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
Richard B. Berry, MD
Professor of Medicine
Medical Director, UF Health Sleep Center
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
ATLAS OF CLINICAL SLEEP MEDICINE ISBN: 978-0-323-18727-5
Copyright © 2014, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may
become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information
or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for
whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most
current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be
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contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge
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patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume
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contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Atlas of clinical sleep medicine / [edited by] Meir H. Kryger.—Second edition.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-323-18727-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Kryger, Meir H., editor of compilation.
[DNLM: 1. Sleep Disorders–diagnosis–Atlases. 2. Sleep–physiology–Atlases. WM 17]
RC547
616.8′498–dc23
2013024104
Content Strategist: Helene Caprari
Content Development Specialist: Angela Rufino
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Project Manager: Carrie Stetz
Design Direction: Steven Stave
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Barbara Rosenblum Kryger,
my wife, lifelong partner, and friend, who has been my muse,
my inspiration, and my support
M.H.K.
To my family, friends, current and former colleagues and trainees,
for their support and encouragement
A.Y.A.
To Catherine, David, and Sarah Berry, my wife, my son,
and my daughter; you are my greatest joy
R.B.B.
Contributors
Takashi Abe, PhD David F. Dinges, PhD
Postdoctoral Fellow, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Professor and Director, Unit for Exemplary Psychiatry,
Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Chief, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Richard P. Allen, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, The Johns Danny J. Eckert, PhD
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Neuroscience Research Australia and the University of New
South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney,
Todd Arnedt, PhD
Australia
Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology, Director,
Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, University of Jack D. Edinger, PhD
Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Professor, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health,
Michigan Denver, Colorado; Adjunct Professor, Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University
Alon Y. Avidan, MD, MPH
Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
Professor of Neurology; Director, UCLA Sleep Disorders
Center; Director, UCLA Neurology Clinic, David Patrice Fort, MD
Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of Researcher on the Sleep Team at the Centre of
California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California Neuroscience at Lyon, Faculty of Medicine Laënnec,
Lyon, France
Ronny P. Bartsch, PhD
Instructor of Medicine, Division of Sleep Medicine, Patrick M. Fuller, MD
Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Assistant Professor, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Medical School; Assistant Professor, Department of
Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Richard B. Berry, MD
Boston, Massachusetts
Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Charlene Gamaldo, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Johns
Orfeu M. Buxton, MD
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Assistant Professor, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard
Medical School; Associate Neuroscientist, Department of Charles F.P. George, MD
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Professor of Medicine, Western University; Medical
Massachusetts Director, Sleep and Apnea Assessment Unit, London
Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
Muna Canales, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Cathy Goldstein, MD
Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Assistant Professor of Neurology, University of Michigan
Medicine, University of Florida; Staff Physician, Sleep Disorders Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Malcolm-Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville,
Ronald M. Harper, PhD
Florida
Distinguished Professor of Neurobiology, David Geffen
Ronald D. Chervin, MD School of Medicine at UCLA and the Brain Research
Professor of Neurology, Michael S. Aldrich Collegiate Institute, University of California–Los Angeles, Los
Professor of Sleep Medicine, Director, University of Angeles, California
Michigan Sleep Disorders Center, University of
Don Hayes Jr, MD
Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Ohio State University
James M. Clinton, BS College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
Washington State University, Washington
Max Hirshkowitz, PhD
Christopher J. Davis, PhD Associate Professor, Baylor College of Medicine,
Research Assistant Professor, Washington State University, Department of Medicine and Menninger Department of
WWAMI Medical Education Program and the Sleep Psychiatry; Clinical Director, Sleep Disorders and
and Performance Research Center, Spokane, Washington Research Center, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical
Center, Houston, Texas
vii
viii    Contributors
Michael J. Howell, MD Atul Malhotra, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Kenneth M. Moser Professor of Medicine, Chief of
Minnesota Medical School; Program Director, Clinical Pulmonary and Critical Care, Director of Sleep
Sleep Medicine Fellowship, Minnesota Regional Sleep Medicine, University of California–San Diego, California
Disorders Center, Hennepin County Medical Center,
Raman Malhotra, MD
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Assistant Professor of Neurology, Co-Director, SLUCare
Plamen Ch. Ivanov, PhD, DSc Sleep Disorders Center, Director, Sleep Medicine
Research Professor, Department of Physics, Boston Fellowship, Saint Louis University School of Medicine,
University; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical St. Louis, Missouri
School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston,
Catherine McCall, MD
Massachusetts
Resident, Harvard Longwood Psychiatry, Boston,
Shahrokh Javaheri, MD Massachusetts
Professor of Medicine Emeritus, University of Cincinnati;
W. Vaughn McCall, MD
Medical Director, Sleepcare Diagnostics, Cincinnati,
Case Distinguished Chair, Professor of Psychiatry and
Ohio
Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia
Levente Kapás, MD, PhD Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
Associate Professor, WWAMI Medical Education Program,
Wallace Mendelson, MD
Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience,
Professor of Psychiatry (retired), University of Chicago,
Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
Chicago, Illinois
James M. Krueger, PhD, MDHC
Emmanuel Mignot, MD, PhD
Regents Professor, WWAMI Medical Education Program
Craig Reynolds Professor of Sleep Medicine, Director,
and the Sleep and Performance Research Center,
Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine,
Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto, California
Meir H. Kryger, MD
William C. Orr, PhD
Professor of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Pulmonary,
President Emeritus, Lynn Health Science Institute; Clinical
Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New Haven,
Professor of Medicine, Oklahoma University Health
Connecticut
Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Andrew D. Krystal, MD
Pier Luigi Parmeggiani, MD
Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Professor Emeritus, Department of Human and General
Sciences; Director, Sleep Research Program; Clinical
Physiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Director, Brain Stimulation Program; Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina Kathryn J. Reid, PhD
Research Associate Professor, Department of Neurology,
Carol A. Landis, RN, PhD
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine,
Professor, Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health
Chicago, Illinois
Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Dominic Roca, MD, PhD
Kathryn A. Lee, RN, PhD
Director, Connecticut Center for Sleep Medicine, Stamford
Professor and Associate Dean for Research, James and
Hospital, and Columbia University College of Physicians
Marjorie Livingston Endowed Chair, Department of
and Surgeons, Stamford, Connecticut
Family Health Care Nursing, School of Nursing,
University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, Thomas Roth, PhD
California Director, Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford
Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
Rachel Leproult, PhD
Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Chad Ruoff, MD
Group (UR2NF) at the Center for Research in Cognition Clinical Assistant Professor and Assistant Program Director,
and Neurosciences (CRCN), Université Libre de Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine,
Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto, California
Pierre-Hervé Luppi, MD Rachel E. Salas, MD
Director of the Sleep Team at the Centre of Neuroscience Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Johns
of Lyon, Faculty of Medicine Laënnec, Lyon, France Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Michelangelo Maestri, MD Carlos H. Schenck, MD
Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of
Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Minnesota Medical School; Senior Staff Psychiatrist,
Switzerland; Sleep Center, Neurologic Clinic, University Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center, Hennepin
of Pisa, Pisa, Italy County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Contributors    ix
Jason S. Schneiderman, PhD Lauren Tobias, MD
Postdoctoral Fellow, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Postdoctoral Fellow, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care,
Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania New Haven, Connecticut
Colin M. Shapiro, MBB Ch, PhD, MRC Psych Fred W. Turek, PhD
Professor of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Director of Charles E. and Emma H. Morrison Professor; Director,
Neuropsychiatry, Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of
Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
Amir Sharafkhaneh, MD, PhD Eve Van Cauter, PhD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Program Director, Sleep Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago,
Fellowship Program, Baylor College of Medicine; Chicago, Illinois
Medical Director, Sleep Disorders and Research Center,
Richard L. Verrier, PhD
Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School;
Stephen H. Sheldon, DO Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular
Professor of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston,
School of Medicine, Director, Sleep Medicine Center, Massachusetts
Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of
Erin J. Wamsley, PhD
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Instructor, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical
Deena Sherman, BA School, Boston, Massachusetts
Toronto, ON, Canada
Christine Won, MD
Jerome Siegel, PhD Director, Yale Sleep Center, Assistant Professor of
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care
University of California–Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California Haven, Connecticut
Andrea M. Spaeth, MA H. Klar Yaggi, MD, MPH
Graduate Student, Department of Psychology, University of Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine,
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,
Mark Splaingard, MD
Connecticut; Director, VA Connecticut Center for Sleep
Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s
Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut
Hospital, College of Medicine, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio Susie Yim Yeh, MD
Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Kaiser
Robert Stickgold, PhD
Permanente, Orange County, California
Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry;
Director, Center for Sleep and Cognition, Harvard Kin M. Yuen, MD
Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Medical Director, Bay Sleep Clinic, Adjunct Clinical
Center, Boston, Massachusetts Instructor, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California
Keith C. Summa, PhD Phyllis C. Zee, MD, PhD
Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Professor of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Physiology;
Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois Director, Sleep Disorders Program, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
Leslie Swanson, PhD
Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Marco Zucconi, MD
University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Clinical Responsible, Sleep Disorders Center, Department
Michigan of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Scientific
Institute, Milan, Italy
Éva Szentirmai, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor, WWAMI Medical Education Program,
Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience,
Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
Foreword to the Second Edition
This second edition of the Atlas of Clinical Sleep Medicine to the two areas that have seen significant strides. The first is
updates the original Atlas in terms of advances in the field of pediatric sleep medicine, particularly the field of sleep breath-
sleep medicine yet maintains the synthesis of a broad knowl- ing disorders. For many years pediatric sleep medicine was
edge base and a visual representation of that knowledge. focused on the parasomnias. Today we recognize that virtually
Since the first edition, several important advances have all sleep disorders are present in pediatric populations. Sleep
occurred in sleep medicine. In terms of standardization of disorders in children have different presentations, different
sleep medicine procedures, new scoring rules for polysomnog- risk factors, and different morbidities. As children go through
raphy were developed, and the process of updating our diag- critical periods in their development, the presence of a disor-
nostic system has begun and is virtually complete. The goal der that compromises cognitive function can have irreversible
of the original scoring system, developed in 1960 by consequences. Clearly the need to recognize, diagnose, and
Rechtschaffen and Kales, was to standardize the scoring of treat pediatric sleep disorders is a high priority in sleep
sleep stages. As sleep research gave birth to sleep medicine, it medicine.
became important to standardize the scoring not only of The other big advance has occurred in our understanding
normal sleep, but also of abnormal events in sleep. The revised of circadian physiology and the disorders of circadian desyn-
manual developed by the American Academy of Sleep Medi- chrony. This increase has resulted in a better understanding
cine has achieved that goal. This volume contains highlights of the pathophysiology of medical conditions such as obesity
of that revised manual. Another important methodologic and disorders such as shift-work disorder as well as the effec-
change is the increased use of home sleep testing for obstruc- tive use of light and chronobiotic medications in the treat-
tive sleep apnea. This initiative arose from the realization that ment of circadian disorders.
many, but certainly not all, patients with obstructive sleep This second edition is intended to help the clinician keep
apnea can be evaluated in a home setting without the need abreast of all the changes in sleep medicine and their impor-
for a more expensive and intrusive sleep laboratory study. The tant implications for patient care.
role of home testing is an evolving methodology in our field
and is discussed as such in this text. Thomas Roth
More important, the knowledge base of sleep medicine has Detroit, Michigan
continued to evolve. This second edition pays special attention 2013
xi