Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars PDF
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Astrophysical Data Kenneth R. Lang Astrophysical Data Planets and Stars With 33 Illustrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Kenneth R. Lang Department of Physics and Astronomy Tufts University Medford, MA 02155 USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lang, Kenneth R. Astrophysical data / Kenneth R. Lang. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: Planets and stars. 1. Astrophysics-Observations-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. QB461. L35 1991 523.01-dc20 91-11236 Printed on acid-free paper. © 1992 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1992 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Camera ready copy provided by the author using LaTex. 987654321 ISBN-13 :978-1-4684-0642-9 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4684-0640-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0640-5 Preface This volume of Astrophysical Data deals with Planets and Stars; a second volume, Part II, will give data for Galaxies and the Universe. They both pro vide basic data for use by all scientists, from the amateur astronomer to the professional astrophysicist. In this first volume, we not only provide physical parameters of planets, stars and their environment, but we also provide the celestial coordinates required to observe them. Here we use c.g.s. units, for they are the most commonly used in astron omy and astrophysics; but our volume begins with astronomical and physical constants and the conversion factors needed for other units. The next section concerns the planets and their satellites; it singles out the Earth and Moon for special treatment. Spacecraft rendezvous with the planets and satellites have led to improved values for their atmospheric compositions, orbital parameters, magnetic fields, masses, radii, rotation periods, and surface pressures and temperatures. This section also contains data for the asteroids, comets and their debris. We then discuss everyday stars, beginning with the Sun, and continuing with basic stellar data, the brightest stars and nearby stars. Special categories of stars, such as the Wolf-Rayet stars, magnetic stars, flare stars, and RS CVn binary stars, are included. The section on star clusters includes globular clusters, open clusters and OB associations. The next section concerns regions of star formation; it includes molecular clouds, dust clouds, circumstellar disks or shells, T Tauri stars, and Herbig-Haro objects. Our following discussion of the stellar environment includes emission nebulae, at both optical and radio wavelengths, reflection nebulae, and planetary nebulae. We next consider dying stars, such as white dwarf stars, pulsars, and candi date black holes, as well as interacting binary systems including classical novae, dwarf novae and symbiotic stars. Supernovae explosions and their remnants are also discussed; the supernova remnants are mainly visible in the radio and X-ray windows of the electromagnetic spectrum. Here we also include detailed informa tion on objects of special current interest, such as polars with their mega-Gauss fields, Supernova 1987 A, Cassiopeia A, and the Crab Nebula. The high-energy X-ray and gamma ray windows on the Universe are high lighted in the next chapter that includes compact X-ray sources, like Cygnus VI Preface X-3 and SS 433, low mass X-ray binaries, and gamma ray sources. Our book concludes with an Appendix of the 2,241 nearest stars and an extensive bibliog raphy. And how was such a large collection of data compiled? It began in the fine li brary at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CFA)j many thanks go to Joyce M. Watson and her colleagues at the CFA for their pleasant hospi tality over the years. After searching the astrophysical journals and supplements for relevant material, I combined existing catalogues or tables to create new col lections of data that have usually not been previously published in exactly the form presented here. Of course, there were times when the existing data could not be improved, and in these cases the original data were usually extracted from computerized versions provided by either the original authors or by Wayne H. Warren Jr. at the National Space Science Data Center. The original sources for all of the data are referenced in the text, and gathered together in the complete references given near the end of the volume. Although I checked each number in every table twice, and nearly ruined my eyesight, human error is inevitable. So, notification of any omissions, errors or corrections will be greatly appreciated by users of future editions. But why go to all this trouble? It brings no respect from many practicing scientists who regard book-writing as an appropriate activity for the aging, senile, or unproductive. And money is not a factor. The author receives about 25 cents an hour from the publisher. The real reason is to share useful facts and ideas. My reward will come when current, or future, astronomers and astrophysicists turn to this volume for that constant or physical parameter they needed, or when they use it to find an object that they wanted to view. A very special acknowledgment goes to William R. Leeson, who assiduously entered much of this data into the Tufts' computer using 1\TEX software. Equally important acknowledgment and thanks go to those who either supplied unique and valuable data or checked and supplemented draft tables. They include Agnes Acker, Edward Anders, Pierre Bastien, Hilmar W. Duerbeck, Von R. Eshleman, Nicolas Grevesse, Kenneth A. Janes, James Liebert, Gosta Lynga, Jeffrey E. Mc Clintock, E. Myles Standish Jr., Bjorn Ragnvald Pettersen, Gary Schmidt, Fred Seward, Joseph H. Taylor, Yervant Terzian, Robert F. Willson and Robert J. Zinno Kenneth R. Lang Tufts University New Years Eve, 1991 Contents Preface v Part I. Constants and Conversion Factors 1. Constants and Units ........................................... 3 1.1 Physical Constants ................................................. 3 1.2 Astronomical Constants ............................. , .............. 9 1.3 Conversion Factors ............................................... 16 Part II. Planets and their Satellites 2. Planet Earth .................................................... 29 2.1 Physical Parameters and Motions of the Earth ..................... 29 2.2 Timescales on Earth ............................................... 33 2.3 Terrestrial Atmosphere ................................ , ........... 35 2.4 Terrestrial Impact Craters ...................... , ....... , .... , ..... 38 3. The Planets ........................................ , ............. 41 3.1 The Planetary System ............................................. 41 3.2 Physical Parameters of the Planets ......., ......................... 43 3.3 Planetary Atmospheres ........................................... 50 3.4 Planetary Rings ................................................... 53 4. The Moon ........................................................ 56 4.1 Physical Parameters and Motions of the Moon ..................... 56 4.2 Lunar Maria and Craters ............................ , ............. 59 5. Satellites of the Planets ..................................... 68 5.1 General Properties of the Satellites ................................. 68 5.2 Physical Elements for the Principal Satellites ....................... 73 5,3 Physical Elements for the Small Satellites .......................... 74 6. Asteroids and their Debris ................................. 75 6.1 Genera.! Properties of the Asteroids ................................ 75 6.2 Selected Asteroids: Physical and Orbital Elements ................. 78 6.3 Concentrations of Asteroids ........................................ 80 Vlll Contents 6.4 Asteroid Debris .................................................... 82 6.5 Solar System Abundances of the Elements ......................... 84 7. Comets and their Debris ................. ·.· ................ 86 7.1 Structural Properties of Comets .................................... 86 7.2 Origin and Statistics of Comets .................................... 88 7.3 Comets of Special Interest ......................................... 89 7.4 Long Period and Short Period Comets ............................. 92 7.5 Cometary Debris .................................................. 98 Part III. The Stars 8. The Sun ......................................................... 103 8.1 Basic Solar Data ................................................. 103 8.2 Standard Solar Model ............................................ 106 8.3 Solar Neutrinos .................................................. 108 8.4 The Outer Solar Atmosphere ..................................... 109 9. Basic Stellar Data ............................................ 113 9.1 Physical Parameters of the Stars ................................. 113 9.2 Numerical Relations and Laws ................................... 116 9.3 Observed Angular Diameters of Stars ............................. 118 9.4 Stellar Masses ................................................... 120 9.5 Spectral Classification of the Stars ............................... 125 9.6 Stellar Mass, Radius, Density and Rotation ....................... 132 9.7 Stellar Temperature and Luminosity .............................. 136 9.8 Absolute Visual Magnitudes of the Stars .......................... 144 9.g Colors of the Stars ............................................... 147 10. Bright and Nearby Stars ................................. 154 10.1 Named Stars and Constellations ................................. 154 10.2 The Nearest and Brightest Stars ................................. 161 10.3 Catalogue of 446 Stars Brighter than Apparent Visual Magnitude 4.00 ............................... 168 11. Wolf-Rayet Stars ........................................... 194 11.1 Basic Data for Wolf-Rayet Stars ................................. 194 11.2 Catalogue of Wolf-Rayet Stars .................................. 209 12. Magnetic Stars ............................................... 216 12.1 Basic Data for Magnetic Stars ................................... 216 12.2 Catalogue of Nondegenerate Magnetic Stars ...................... 221 13. Stellar Activity .............................................. 227 13.1 General Properties of Flare Stars ................................ 227 13.2 Catalogue of Nearby Flare Stars ................................. 232 13.3 Catalogue of RS CVn and BY Dra Binaries - Part I ............ 238 13.4 Catalogue of RS CVn and BY Dra Binaries - Part II ........... 250 Contents ix Part IV. Star Clusters and Associations 14. Globular Clusters ........................................... 257 14.1 Basic Data for Globular Clusters. '" ............................ 257 14.2 Catalogue of Globular Clusters - Part I. ........................ 263 14.3 Catalogue of Globular Clusters - Part II ........................ 268 15. Open Clusters ................................................ 278 15.1 Basic Data for Open Clusters .................................... 278 15.2 Catalogue of Open Clusters ...................................... 284 16. OB Associations ............................................. 350 16.1 Basic Data for OB Associations .................................. 350 16.2 Catalogue of OB Associations ................................... 353 Part V. The Stellar Environment 17. Regions of Star Formation ............................... 359 17.1 Molecular Clouds and Dust Clouds .............................. 359 17.2 T Tauri Stars and Related Objects .............................. 375 17.3 Herbig-Haro Objects ............................................ 398 18. Diffuse Emission Nebulae or H II Regions ......... .405 18.1 Basic Data for Emission Nebulae ................................ 405 18.2 Emission Nebulae at Optical Wavelengths ....................... .410 18.3 Emission Nebulae at Radio Wavelengths ......................... 422 19. Reflection Nebulae ......................................... 438 19.1 Basic Data for Reflection Nebulae ............................... 438 19.2 Catalogue of Reflection Nebulae ................................. 444 20. Planetary Nebulae .......................................... 462 20.1 Basic Data for Planetary Nebulae ............................... .462 20.2 Catalogue of Planetary Nebulae - Part I ........................ 464 20.3 Catalogue of Planetary Nebulae - Part II ....................... 510 Part VI. Dying Stars 21. White Dwarf Stars ......................................... 535 21.1 Basic Data for White Dwarf Stars ............................... 535 21.2 Catalogue of White Dwarf Stars ................................. 546 21.3 Cross-Reference Name Index for White Dwarf Stars .............. 578 22. Pulsars ......................................................... 605 22.1 Basic Data for Pulsars ........................................... 605 22.2 Catalogue of Pulsars - Part 1 .................................... 614 22.3 Catalogue of Pulsars - Part II ................................... 640 x Contents 23. Candidate Black Holes .................................... 653 23.1 Catalogue of Candidate Black Holes ............................. 653 Part VII. Interacting Binary Systems 24. Cataclysmic Binary Systems ............................. 657 24.1 Basic Data for Cataclysmic Binary Systems ...................... 657 24.2 Cataclysmic Binaries with Known Periods ....................... 665 24.3 Catalogue of Classical Novae .................................... 670 24.4 Catalogue of Dwarf Novae ....................................... 684 25. Symbiotic Stars .............................................. 690 25.1 Basic Data for Symbiotic Stars .................................. 690 25.2 Catalogue of Symbiotic Stars .................................... 694 Part VIII. Supernovae Explosions and their Remnants 26. Supernovae .................................................... 701 26.1 Basic Data for Supernovae ....................................... 701 27. Supernova Remnants ....................................... 709 27.1 Basic Data for Supernova Remnants ............................. 709 27.2 X-Ray Radiation from Supernova Remnants ..................... 721 27.3 Catalogue of Galactic Supernova Remnants ...................... 725 27.4 Cross-Reference Name Index for Supernova Remnants ............ 730 Part IX. High Energy Radiation From Stars 28. X-Ray and Gamma Ray Sources ....................... 733 28.1 Compact X-Ray Sources ......................................... 733 28.2 Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries ....................................... 745 28.3 Gamma Ray Sources ............................................ 754 29. Appendix ...................................................... 758 29.1 Catalogue of Nearby Stars ....................................... 758 References ............................................................... 889 Index .................................................................... 919 Part I Constants and Conversion Factors
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