Astronautical Research 1971: Proceedings of the 22nd Congress of the International Astronautical Federation Brussels, 20–25 September 1971 PDF
Preview Astronautical Research 1971: Proceedings of the 22nd Congress of the International Astronautical Federation Brussels, 20–25 September 1971
ASTRONAUTICAL RESEARCH 1971 ASTRONAUTICAL RESEARCH 1971 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 22ND CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTICAL FEDERATION BRUSSELS, 20-25 SEPTEMBER 1971 Editor-in-chief L. G. NAPOLITANO Editors P. CONTENSOU and W. F. HILTON D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY DORDRECHT-HOLLAND/BOSTON-U.S.A. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-92536 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2561-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2559-1 DOl: 10.1007/ 978-94-010-2559-1 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc. 306 Dartmouth Street, Boston, Mass. 02116, U.S.A. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1973 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Holland No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1973 PREFACE The International Astronautical Federation is the only professional society in the field of aerospace engineering and Sciences which brings together specialists of all countries interested in the exploration and peaceful exploitation of space. At its annual Congresses a large number of invited and/or carefully selected con tributed papers are presented which cover a wide variety of topics and are distributed over a number of sessions, each one being organized by two leading scientists who later chair the session itself. Each year the selection of specific topics to be dealt with. is dictated either by significant new progress achieved in some sectors or by new developments and trends which are liable to influence substantially the objectives toward which space research and/or application of space technology will be oriented in the immediate future. A second rigorous screening, performed with the help of the Session Chairmen and carried out according to the same criteria identifies finally the papers which are published in the Proceedings. The outcome of all this is reliable and authoritative information as to the actual status and future trends of space activities, both from the research point of view and from the point of view of u~ilization and/or application. These indications are all the more valuable since they offer a global, panoramic view which includes the often different perspectives of the several nations and/or groups which have any activity in Space, from those which are heavily involved to those which are moderately involved and all the way down to those which are just starting to get interested in Space. For all these reasons, Astronautical Research 1971 should constitute an invaluable and irreplaceable reference tool for all who are concerned, at any level, with the present status and the immediate future trends of space activities. The book, which consists of four parts, appropriately and meaningfully begins with an overview of International Cooperation in Astronautics, a topic which formed the subject of the Third I.A.F. Invited Lecture, delivered at the Congress by M. 1.-P. Causse. The first part of the Proceedings contains papers addressing basic problems and consists of three sections devoted, respectively, to Astrodynamics, Fluid-Mechanics Aspects of Space Flight and Bioastronautics. The second part groups the papers concerned with the Engineering and/or Manage ment Aspects of Space Technology. Specific topics considered are: Earth-to-Orbit and Orbit-to-Orbit Space Transportation; PropUlsion; Structure and Materials; Telemetering and Data Management. The third part is devoted to the utilization and/or applications of Space Technology. Of particular and timely importance is the section dealing with Earth Resources VI PREfACE Satellites. It contains discussion of the latest developments of remote sensors of the type used on the Earth Resource Technology Satellite (ERTS) (which will certainly be in orbit by the time the Proceedings appear) and up-dated and valuable assessments of two problems of extreme relevance for their practical implications: global monitoring from satellites and utilization of satellites in the management of human environment. The other two sections of the third part are concerned with Scientific Spacecraft and problems related to Education, particular emphasis being given, in the latter section, to the application of space benefits to Education and to safety in youth rocket experiments. The fourth part should have an appeal of its own since it is devoted to the Inter national Conference of graduating and/or post-graduate aerospace students which, for the first time in the world, the International Astronautical Federation has convened. The papers included in this fourth part testify that the upcoming younger genera tion, throughout the world, has a continuing interest in aerospace studies and is ample evidence of the validity of its creative production. In closing, I wish to thank all those who have helped me in editing these Proceedings: the Session Chairmen for their valuable suggestions and advice, the Language Editors, Dr P. Contensou and Dr W. Hilton, for carrying out their task with enthusiasm, promptness and efficiency; the Secretariat in Paris for an extremely valid cooperation and a much appreciated coordinating action; the managing editor of the Reidel Publishing Company for a patient and competent handling of the many problems associated with the publication of international Proceedings. To the authors, I am sure, will go the appreciation of the readers. LUIGI G. NAPOLITANO Editor-in-Chief TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE BY L. G. NAPOLITANO (Editor-in-Chief) v 1. M. J.-P. CAussE/La cooperation internationale dans Ie do maine de l'astronautique (Invited Lecture) PART II BASIC PROBLEMS A. Astrodynamics 2. J. KOVALEVSKY I Revue generale des methodes automatiques de calcul de theories analytiques de satellites artificiels 15 3. B. MOYNOT I Caracteristiques d'un programme de correction differentielle en geodesie dynamique 27 4. V. J. MODI and K. KUMAR I Coupled Librational Dynamics and Attitude Control of Satellites in Presence of Solar Radiation Pressure 37 5. C. MURAKAMI and Y. OHKAMI I Inertial Force Field Patterns Due to Nutational Motion of Spinning Satellites 53 6. V. PURl and P. M. BAINUM I Planar Librational Motion of a Gravity- Gradient Satellite During Deployment 63 7. E. P. HOFER I Time-Optimal Semi-Active Attitude Control for the Pitch Motion of a Satellite 81 B. Fluid Mechanics Aspects of Space Flight 8. B. E. RICHARDS, V. DICRISTINA and M. L. MINGES I Heat Transfer and Pressure Distribution on Sharp and Finite Bluntness Biconic and Hemispherical Geometries at Various Angles of Attack in a Mach 15-20 Flow 91 9. H. W. STOCK and J. J. GINOUX I Hypersonic Low Temperature Ablation- An Experimental Study of Cross-hatched Surface Patterns 105 10. L. TRILLING I The Scattering of Gas Molecules from Metal Surfaces 121 11. G. G. CHERNYI and A. L. GONOR I Lifting Body Configurations for Sus- tained Hypersonic Flight 137 C. Bioastronautics 12. A. O. PEARSON and 1. K. JACKSON I Summary of a 90-Day Manned Test of a Regenerative Life Support System 149 13. s. V. CHIZHOV, B. A. ADAMOVICH, YU. E. SINYAK, V. B. GAIDADYMOV, VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS Z. P. PAK, M. I. SHYKINA, I. N. FETlN, and v. v. KRASNOSHCHEKOV / Advanced Methods of Recovery for Space Life Support Systems 163 PART II / ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY A. Space Transportation: Earth to Orbit 14. D. D. MYERS / Space Transportation Report 175 15. R. G. BRUSCH / A Nonlinear Programming Approach to Space Shuttle Trajectory Optimization 185 B. Space Transportation: Orbit to Orbit 16. M. H. KAPLAN / The Problem of Docking with a Passive Orbiting Object which Possesses Angular Momentum 203 17. D. R. BROOKS and E. F. HARRISON / Use of Orbit-to-Orbit Shuttles for Hyperbolic Rendezvous with Returning Planetary Spacecraft 219 C. Propulsion 18. A. v. LA ROCCA / Plasma Thrusters for Secondary Propulsion 239 19. M. BARRERE et L. NADAUD / Prevision des domaines de fonctionnement instable d'un propulseur a propergol solide 265 20. c. H. KING, JR. / Apollo Propulsion Systems Development and Flight Experience 285 D. Structure and Materials 21. A. RASUMOFF and R. A. WINJE / The POGO Phenomenon: Its Causes and ~re ~7 22. D. P. WILLIAMS and H. G. NELSON / Gaseous Hydrogen Embrittlement of Aerospace Materials 323 23. T. C. HUANG, R. B. HUBBARD, and R. W. LANZ / Fatigue Failure of Materials under Narrow Band Random Vibrations - Part 2 331 E. Telemetering and Data Management 24. J. H. DISHER / Data Management for the Skylab Program 345 25. J. C. MCCALL / Space Shuttle Data Management System 365 PART III/UTILIZATION AND APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY A. Earth Resources Satellites 26. B. G. LUNDHOLM / Global Monitoring and Remote Sensing from Satellites 379 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX 27. I. S. HAAS and J. J. HORAN / The Growth of Remote Sensing through the Nimbus and ERTS Spacecraft 389 28. P. A. CASTRUCCIO / The Role of Applications Satellites in the Manage- ment of the Human Environment 403 B. Scientific Spacecrafts 29. K. J. GLUITZ / The German Aeronomy Satellite AEROS 421 30. K. BERGE and R. KRIEGER / GEOS - The First Scientific Geostationary Satellite Sponsored by ESRO 443 31. L. F. BELEW / Skylab - A Manned Scientific Space Laboratory 455 32. E. C. SEMPLE / The UK 5 Spacecraft for Experiments in X-Ray Astronomy 471 C. Education 33. K. K. DANNENBERG and F. I. ORDWAY / A Space Benefits Educational Program 485 34. J. F. SLADKY, JR. / A Case for Total Concept Design Courses in Education 495 35. A. I. SKOOG and G. S. JAMES (eds.) / Safety in Youth Rocket Experi- ments (SYRE) Session 501 PART IV / FIRST LA.F. STUDENT CONFERENCE 36. A. CRAIG HANSEN / Transverse Acoustic Wave Amplification Due to Mass Injection Around a Submerged Nozzle 523 37. M. FEDER / Axisymmetric Buckling of an Annular Plate 535 38. F. DE GEYTER / A Modulation Technique for Measuring Small Distur bances in the Upstream Flow Field of a Sharp Leading Edge in a Rarefied Hypersonic Flow 547 39. W. F. PAYNE / Diagnostics of an Argon Free Jet Expanded from a High Pressure Inductive Arc Source 557 40. A. Y. BARODEKAR and J. H. BLACKBURN / An Experimental Investigation of Air Flow at an Inlet to a Centrifugal Compressor 577 LA COOPERATION INTERNATIONALE DANS LE DOMAINE DE L' ASTRONAUTIQUE M. JEAN-PIERRE CAUSSE Secretaire General Adjoint, Directeur des Activites Futures du CECLESjELDO Je suis tres sensible au redoutable honneur qui m'est fait de m'adresser aujourd'hui, lors de sa seance d'ouverture, au Congres de la Federation Internationale d'Astro nautique apres que les deux annees precedentes deux eminentes personnalites, I'une a americaine, I'autre russe, aient presente des contributions majeures la connaissance des projets spatiaux. a a II me parait tout fait symptomatique qu'en demandant un europeen de prendre la parole a son tour, votre president lui ait suggere de traiter de la cooperation inter nationale dans Ie domaine de I'astronautique. Nous aut res europeens vivons en eifet sans doute plus intensement que d'autres, et ce depuis bientot dix ans, I'experience quotidienne de la collaboration internationale avec ses alternances de crises et d'es poirs. a Mais lorsque Ie President Jaumotte s'est adresse moi, rna premiere reaction a ete de penser qu'iI y avait en Europe de nombreuses autres personnali!es plus quali fiees que moi pour traiter de ce sujet passionnant mais 0 com bien difficile. En reflechis sant il m'est cependant apparu que mon experience personnelle etait tout de meme un peu particuliere et que je pourrais essayer de vous communiquer quelques reflex ions qu'elle a pu m'inspirer. Je ne parle ici, est-il besoin de Ie dire, qu'en mon nom purement personnel. a Ma premiere participation directe I'aventure spatiale, des 1958, remonte en eifet a a I'epoque ou je travaillais titre prive aux Etats-Unis. Rentre en France pour y diriger Ie programme de satellites au Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, je repris a sans tarder Ie chemin de l'Amerique, cette fois-ci la tete d'une delegation de mon pays pour negocier avec la NASA ce qui devait devenir Ie projet 'FR-1', premier satellite scientifique fran~ais, qui fut lance par une fusee americaine en 1965. Quelques annees plus tard je me trouvais designe comme responsable du cote fran~ais du projet de satellite' Roseau', projet de collaboration avec I' Academie des Sciences de I'Union Sovietique dans lequel je fus I'interlocuteur de I'academicien a Georges Babakin, prematurement disparu cet ete, au souvenir duquel je tiens ici rendre hommage. A la meme epoque il me fallait porter aussi sur les fonds baptismaux Ie projet franco-allemand 'Symphonie', autre exemple de cooperation bi-Iaterale. Depuis quatre ans c'est aux programmes europeens que je consacre I'essentiel de mon a activite et c'est ce titre que je me suit trouve it la tete d'une delegation europeenne essayant de pre parer la participation du vieux continent au programme post-Apollo de la NASA. C'est dire que j'ai vu les choses 'par I'interieur' mais je suis un ingenieur et non un L. G. Napolitano et al. (eds.). Astronautical Research 1971, \-\0. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 1973 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Holland. 2 M. J.-P. CAUSSE specialiste des relations internationales. Je ne vous presenterai donc pas une theorie exhaustive de la cooperation et me bornerai a une serie de remarques. J'insisterai, en particulier, sur les experiences europeennes qui, a condition de savoir en tirer des lel(ons, me paraissent contenir une serie d'enseignements de grande signification pour toute entreprise de ce genre. La Federation Astronautique Internationale est l'un des organismes ou la coopera tion spatiale a pris naissance et s'est Ie mieux developpee. C'est donc un cadre de choix pour refiechir sur les problemes qu'elle pose. En tout cas il ne me parait guere necessaire de demontrer l'interet de la collabora tion internationale dans Ie domaine de l'espace. L'espace n'appartient a personne et transcende les frontieres nationales. Cette collaboration est meme inevitable dans beaucoup de cas. Elle apparait en fait indispensable pour les projets les plus vastes qui deviennent aujourd'hui techniquement possibles, mais dont l'ampleur meme semble depasser les plus grandes puissances spatiales. Les dernieres annees, les derniers mois meme, ont vu des progres sensibles dont nous ne pouvons que nous rejouir dans les relations entre les deux grands ou la rivalite initiale fait place aujourd'hui a des possibilites de collaboration. Je pense que cette tendance ne pourra que se developper dans les anr:ees a venir. Si les grands acceptent de collaborer entre eux, Ie nombre de pays desirant avoir des activites spatiales et capables de les exercer augmente egalement sans cesse ce pendant que les gouvernements cherchent, pour des raisons financieres, a eviter des doubles emplois et a tirer Ie meilleur parti des sommes consacrees a l'espace. Tous ces facteurs me semblent favorables a une extension importante de la collaboration internationale dans les annees qui viennent. Encore faut-il que celle-ci soit fructueuse et apporte effectivement ce que ron attend d'elle. Sans entrer dans les details de l'evolution de l'attitude des differents gouverne ments sur la valeur de la cooperation internationale dans Ie domaine des activites spatiales, on peut dire qU'elle est aujourd'hui tres largement reconnue et encouragee par les plus hautes autorites. Le Traite de l'Espace en 1967 a marque une etape im portante dans cette evolution. Les declarations du President des Etats-Unis, l'offre americaine de participation a post-Apollo, Ie succes apparent des premieres reunions americano-sovietiques sur Ie rendez-vous et l'arrimage de cabines spatiales, consti tuent autant d'indications que sur Ie principe meme tout Ie monde est aujourd'hui d'accord. II faut bien reconnaitre cependant que la cooperation ne s'est pas developpee egalement dans tous les domaines des activites spatiales. C'est certainement la re cherche scientifiquequi s'est trouvee Ie milieu Ie plus favorable a son developpement, sans doute parce qu'il y avait moins de barrieres la qu'ailleurs, mais aussi parce qu'il existe de longue date une tradition de cooperation internationale dans Ie domaine de la science. II faut aussi souligner Ie role important des unions scientifiques ou d'organisations comme Ie COSPAR et la F.A.1. Cette cooperation a d'ailleurs pris des formes diverses et nombreuses: en premier lieu Ie lancement par les pays disposant de lanceurs de satellites construits par d'autres nations. Les Etats-Unis ont, vous Ie sa vez, ouvert la voie dans ce domaine et de nombreux pays ont beneficie de ces facilites.
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