Asthma, COPD, and Overlap: a Case-Based Overview of Similarities and Differences PDF
Preview Asthma, COPD, and Overlap: a Case-Based Overview of Similarities and Differences
Asthma, COPD, and Overlap Asthma, COPD, and Overlap: A Case-Based Overview of Similarities and Differences Edited by Jonathan A. Bernstein Louis-Philippe Boulet Michael E. Wechsler CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-5837-6 (Hardback) 978-1-4987-5841-3 (Paperback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedication Jonathan A. Bernstein: I would like to dedicate this book Louis-Philippe Boulet: I would like to dedicate this book to my father, I. Leonard Bernstein, mother, Miriam, and to my wife, Céline, who provided me her most appreciated wife, Lisa, who were always my strongest advocates pro- support throughout my professional life, to my mother fessionally throughout my life. I am also blessed to have Suzanne, and to my wonderful daughters, Véronique and four great children, Alison, Joshua, Rebecca, and Caren, Geneviève, and granddaughters, Éliane and Sophie. two awesome son-in-laws, Danny and Ronnie, and the cut- Michael E. Wechsler dedicates this book to his parents, est great grandson, Micah, who all inspire me to enjoy life Morris and Ann, and to his wife, Leora, each of whom has each and every day. provided decades of love, support, and inspiration. Contents Preface ix Contributors xi 1 Definitions of asthma and COPD and overlap 1 Krystelle Godbout, Vanessa M. McDonald, and Peter G. Gibson 2 Epidemiology of asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 13 Anne L. Fuhlbrigge 3 The genetics of asthma, COPD, and the asthma-COPD overlap 23 Robert Busch and Craig P. Hersh 4 Asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap: A distinct pathophysiological and clinical entity 41 Rakhee K. Ramakrishnan, Bassam Mahboub, and Qutayba Hamid 5 Pathophysiology of asthma, COPD, and the overlap 53 Charles G. Irvin and David A. Kaminsky 6 Update on the clinical status, genomics, pathophysiology, and treatment of the asthma-COPD overlap 63 Arthur F. Gelb and Jay A. Nadel 7 Tobacco: Active and passive smoke exposure 71 Neil C. Thomson 8 Indoor and outdoor pollutants and allergens 85 Charles S. Barnes 9 The microbiome in asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 95 Stephanie Christenson 10 Exercise in asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 107 Louis-Philippe Boulet and François Maltais 11 Occupational-related asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 121 Karin A. Pacheco and Lisa A. Maier 12 Asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap in special populations 135 Stephen Bujarski, Amit Parulekar, and Nicola A. Hanania 13 History and physical examination of asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 145 Mark H. Almond and Kian Fan Chung 14 Diagnostic testing for asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 159 Svien A. Senne and Kristina L. Bailey 15 Environmental control of asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 169 Gennaro D’Amato, Carolina Vitale, Antonio Molino, and Maria D’Amato 16 Medications for asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 181 Robert Ledford, Max Feldman, and Thomas Casale 17 Biologics and emerging therapies for asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 201 Angira Dasgupta, Amber J. Oberle, and Parameswaran Nair 18 Endoscopic and surgical treatment for asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 209 Diane Tissier-Ducamp, A. Bourdin, Alain Palot, Céline Tummino, Laurie Pahus, and Pascal Chanez vii viii Contents 19 Supplemental oxygen and pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and asthma-COPD overlap 219 Ralph J. Panos 20 Smoking cessation for asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 235 Adrienne L. Johnson, Alison C. McLeish, and Talya Alsaid-Habia 21 Management of acute asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 243 Cristina Villa-Roel and Brian H. Rowe 22 Quality of life and health outcomes in asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap 257 Christine F. McDonald and Don D. Sin 23 Asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap from the primary care physician perspective 269 Mark L. Levy Index 281 Preface …on opening the cavity of the chest, the lungs diseases” in 2017. In this article, Pavord et al., suggested did not collapse as they usually do when the air how important it is to “deconstruct” airway disease into its is admitted but remained distended, as if they components before planning the treatment and focusing on had lost their power of contracting: the air cells traits that are identifiable and treatable. The recent devel- on the surface of the trachea were somewhat opment of imaging techniques, noninvasive airway inflam- inflamed. mation assessment tools, and novel biomarkers can allow such phenotyping, or even better, endotyping of the disease, James Wilson, December 15, 1784. Description of an allowing for a more precise targeting of therapy. autopsy finding on Dr. Samuel Johnson who had a history However, in this rapidly changing environment of dis- of being “troubled for several years with asthma” (Bailie M. ease redefinition and progress in our understanding of dis- The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of eases mechanisms, there is an important need to provide the Human Body, London: W Bulmer, 1803). Cited by Peter guidance to the clinician who may become confused with Warren Canadian Respiratory Journal 2009;16:14. these new concepts and sophisticated assessment tools, which unfortunately are frequently not available in primary Since Hippocrates first used the term “asthma” more than care settings. When we consider the current care gaps in the 2000 years ago to describe episodic bouts of dyspnea, to the management of obstructive airway diseases such as insuf- modern day recognition of the natural history of chronic ficient preventive measures, insufficient use of pulmonary obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) detailed in the sem- function testing to objectively assess airway obstruction inal work of Fletcher and colleagues in 1976 (The Natural and hyperresponsiveness, the lack of formal patient educa- History of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema, New York: tion on disease self-management and the persistent problem Oxford University Press 1976), to the more recent debate of poor adherence to therapy and follow-up, among other about the definition and features of the asthma–COPD deficiencies, we realize that in many instances, proper care overlap, major progress has been made in gaining a better is not being provided, resulting in poor disease control and understanding of the characteristics and pathophysiology frequent unnecessary acute healthcare overuse. of obstructive airway diseases. We believe however that a good understanding of basic Unfortunately, asthma, COPD, and overlap are still disease mechanisms, development of a practical multidisci- responsible for an enormous human and socio-economic plinary approach to patient assessment and treatment, with burden. Asthma is considered to affect more than 300 mil- judicious selection of the most appropriate nonpharma- lion individuals worldwide and COPD affects more than 210 cological and pharmacological therapies for patients with million people, although it is still often under-diagnosed. airways diseases could lead to a significant improvement in The epidemiology of asthma–COPD overlap is still uncer- clinical outcomes, even for those patients presenting with tain but a considerable number of patients who have asthma severe disease. or COPD demonstrate evidence of this overlap. Allergy In this book, we benefited from the expertise of world and smoking are two main causes of asthma and COPD, leaders in the field of asthma and COPD who have inte- respectively; but various other genetic, developmental, and grated the most recent evidence from cutting-edge research, environmental factors have been identified as contributors into clinical management, using illustrative case examples, to these illnesses. algorithms, tables, and figures to facilitate understanding There has been a recent debate about airways diseases of current concepts and recommendations. It thoroughly taxonomy, as illustrated in the recent publication commis- reviews similarities and differences between asthma, COPD sioned by The Lancet “After asthma: redefining airways and the overlap (previously called asthma–COPD overlap ix
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