Assessment scales in depression, mania, and anxiety PDF
Preview Assessment scales in depression, mania, and anxiety
Cover Page i Assessment Scales in Depression, Mania and Anxiety Raymond W Lam, MD, FRCPC Professor and Head, Division of Clinical Neuroscience Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada Erin E.Michalak, PhD Research Associate, Division of Clinical Neuroscience Department of Psychiatry University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada Richard P Swinson, MD, FRCPsych, FRCPC Professor and Chair, Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences Morgan Firestone Chair in Psychiatry McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences Hamilton, Ontario, Canada LONDON AND NEW YORK A MARTIN DUNITZ BOOK Page ii © 2005 Taylor & Francis, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group First published in the United Kingdom in 2005 by Taylor & Francis, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RN Tel.: +44(0) 207017 6000 Fax.: +44(0) 207017 6699 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.dunitz.co.uk All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP OLP. Although every effort has been made to ensure that all owners of copyright material have been acknowledged in this publication, we would be glad to acknowledge in subsequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our attention. Please note that permissions obtained by the Publisher for the right to reproduce rating scales from the original copyright holders apply to this publication only. Users of this book who would like to reproduce for clinical and/or educational use any of the rating scales that appear in this book are strongly advised to first contact the original copyright holder. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Data available on application ISBN 0203308352 Master ebook ISBN ISBN 1 84184 434 9 (Print Edition) Distributed in North and South America by Taylor & Francis 2000 NW Corporate Blvd Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA Within Continental USA Tel.: 800 272 7737; Fax.: 800 374 3401 Outside Continental USA Tel.: 561 994 0555; Fax.: 561 361 6018 Email: [email protected] Distributed in the rest of the world by Thomson Publishing Services Cheriton House North Way Andover, Hampshire SP10 5BE, UK Tel.:+44 (0)1264 332424 Email: [email protected] Composition by Scribe Design, Ashford, Kent, UK This edition published in the Taylor & Francis eLibrary, 2006. 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Page iii Contents Series preface vii Introduction ix 1 Why Use Assessment Scales in Clinical Practice? 1 2 Depression and Mania 5 BechRafaelsen Mania Scale (MAS) 8 BechRafaelson Melancholia Rating Scale (MES) 9 Beck Depression Inventory—Second Edition BDIII 10 Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) 11 Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS) 12 Carroll Depression ScalesRevised (CDSR) 13 Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD) 14 ClinicianAdministered Rating Scale for Mania (CARSM) 16 Cornell Dysthymia Rating Scale (CDRS) 20 Diagnostic Inventory for Depression (DID) 23 Hamilton Depression Inventory (HDI) 27 Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) 28 Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 7item version (HAMD7) 30 Harvard National Depression Screening Scale (HANDS) 32 Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) 33 Manic State Rating Scale (MSRS) 36 Medical Outcomes Study Depression Questionnaire 37 MontgomeryAsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) 39 Mood Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ) 42 Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ9) 44 Personal Inventory for Depression and SAD (PIDS) 46 Raskin Depression Rating Scale 50 Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) 51 Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with Atypical Depression Supplement (SIGHADS) 54 Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale—Seasonal Affective Disorder version (SIGHSAD) 55 Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) 56 Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) 57 Zung SelfRating Depression Scale (ZUNG SDS) 59 Page iv 3 Anxiety 61 Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale (AMAS) 64 Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) 65 Anxiety Sensitivity IndexRevised 36 (ASIR36) 66 Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) 68 Brief Social Phobia Scale (BSPS) 69 ClinicianAdministered PTSD Scale (CAPS) 71 Covi Anxiety Scale (COVI) 72 Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) 73 Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) 74 Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE) and Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) 76 Fear Questionnaire (FQ) 79 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) 81 Impact of Event ScaleRevised (IESR) 82 Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) 84 Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) 86 Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia (MI) 88 Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (OCI) 90 Padua Inventory—Washington State University Revision (PIWSUR) 92 Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) 95 Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) 99 Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) 102 Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) 104 Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI) 105 Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) 106 Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) 107 StateTrait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) (STAI) 109 YaleBrown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) 110 Zung SelfRating Anxiety Scale (SAS) 114 4 Related Symptoms, Side Effects, Functioning and Quality of Life 115 Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) 116 Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) 118 Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) 120 Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) 123 Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) 125 Clinical Global Impression (CGI) 126 Dartmouth COOP Functional Assessment Charts (COOP) 128 Duke Health Profile (DUKE) 129 Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) 131 Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) 132 Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) 136 General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) 137 Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) 138 Medical Outcomes Study ShortForm 36 (SF36) 140 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) 141 Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 144 Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) 145 Profile of Mood States (POMS) 149 Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ) 150 Page v Sheehan Disability Scale 152 Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SFMPQ) 154 Systematic Assessment for Treatment Emergent Events (SAFTEE) 156 Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) 163 Somatic Symptom Inventory (SSI) 164 Symptom Checklist90Revised (SCL90R) 166 5 Special Populations 167 Beck Depression Inventory—FastScreen for Medical Patients (BDIFS) 168 Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) 169 Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) 171 Children’s Depression Rating ScaleRevised (CDRSR) 172 Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) 174 Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) 177 Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) 179 Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS) 181 Kutcher Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder Scale for Adolescents (KGSADSA) 182 Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) 183 Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scales (RCMAS) 184 Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, 2nd Edition (RADS2) 185 Worry Scale for Older Adults (WS) 186 Appendix 1. Which scale to use and when 189 Appendix 2. Alphabetical list of scales 197 Page vi This page intentionally left blank. Page vii Series preface The use of assessment scales in psychiatry is becoming much more part of clinical practice. The availability and obvious utility of instruments combined with a pressing need to measure more precisely how we practise, may have served as stimuli for their increased use. The success of Assessment Scales in Old Age Psychiatry was pleasing and it is very logical that a book outlining scales for the common disorders of depression and anxiety should be published. Drs Lam, Michalak, and Swinson are to be congratulated on producing such an excellent compendium. The layout and design is innovative and the description of the scales is comprehensive and clinically useful. One of the stimuli for writing Assessment Scales in Old Age Psychiatry was that I was fed up trying to locate all the instruments from old photocopies of articles, which always seemed to get lost. Assessment Scales in Depression, Mania and Anxiety is a formidable contribution to the field and the text is a real must for practising psychiatrists. The book should also be useful to general practitioners, psychologists, researchers, students and other mental health workers. It does so much more than rid you of all those irritating pieces of paper and has the real potential to improve the care we provide to our patients. Alistair Burns Head, School of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences Professor of Old Age Psychiatry University Manchester Wythenshawe Hospital Manchester, UK Page viii This page intentionally left blank. Page ix Introduction The proper use of assessment scales can help improve the clinical care of patients with common, debilitating psychiatric conditions such as depressive and anxiety disorders. Assessment scales serve the same role as laboratory tests in other areas of medicine and have similar strengths and limitations. Assessment scales should not be used in isolation nor should they replace a clinical evaluation, just as one should not treat a laboratory result without considering the clinical status of the patient. Nothing can take the place of a comprehensive evaluation of a patient. However, an appropriate assessment scale can complement the clinical assessment and provide a convenient, shorthand method to track clinical progress. This book was conceived to be a practical clinical resource for psychiatrists, family physicians, other mental health practitioners and for students in those disciplines. While there are several excellent books that give very detailed psychometric information about various assessment instruments, there are few that provide a user friendly collection of rating scales for busy clinicians. This book strives to meet several objectives to serve this important clinical need. First, it provides a quick reference for clinicians to select an appropriate assessment scale to use for a specific clinical indication in patients with depressive, bipolar and anxiety disorders. Second, it allows clinicians to view a particular scale when they are reading reports of studies that use the measure. Many of the scales included in this book are reproduced in their entirety while the rest are summarized with references as to where the scale can be obtained. This book is divided into several sections. The first section is an introduction on the use of assessment scales in clinical practice, providing a background and rationale for incorporating systematic assessment in the clinical care of patients with mood and anxiety disorders. Following is the main section containing the various scales separated into chapters focusing on depression and mania, anxiety, and depression and anxiety together, and special populations (child and adolescent, geriatric and medically ill groups). For these chapters we identified relevant instruments using a comprehensive search through the literature, focusing on scales that specifically relate to the measurement of severity and outcome rather than on diagnostic or screening tools. A few scales are included for historic reasons but otherwise we chose to include only those scales that we considered useful in current clinical practice. We also include a chapter for related symptoms, side effects, psychosocial functioning and quality of life. This chapter includes several scales useful for measuring specific residual and associated symptoms of depression or anxiety and some of the side effects of medications. Additionally, in recognition of the importance of return to premorbid psychosocial functioning as an objective of treatment, we include scales that assess functional status and quality of life. In contrast to the earlier chapters, these are not meant to be a comprehensive selection of scales. Instead, we include a few selected scales for the most important residual symptoms such as sleep, pain and fatigue. These symptoms tend to be the ones most closely associated with nonadherence with treatment or to psychosocial impairment such as work disability. Similarly, the scales for side effects focus on those that are relevant but difficult to assess, such as sexual dysfunction or extrapyramidal symptoms. Finally, we end with an index that lists all the scales in tabular form which summarizes important scale characteristics so that clinicians can choose an appropriate scale for a specific clinical indication or situation. We thank our office staff, in particular Andrew Boylan, for the administrative work associated with the literature search and compilation of scales, and Abigail Griffin and Peter Stevenson for editorial guidance in producing this book. Raymond W.Lam Erin E.Michalak Richard P.Swinson
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