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Assessment Scales in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Assessment Scales in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Frank C Verhulst,MD Professor and Director of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry ErasmusMC Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands Jan van der Ende Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands © 2006 Informa UKLtd First published in the United Kingdom in 2006 by Informa UKLtd, 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Tel: +44 (0)20 7017 6000 Fax: +44 (0)20 7017 6699 Email: [email protected] Website: www.tandf.co.uk/medicine All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Although every effort has been made to ensure that all owners of copyright material have been acknowledged in this publication, we would be glad to acknowledge in subsequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our attention. Although every effort has been made to ensure that drug doses and other information are presented accurately in this publication, the ultimate responsibility rests with the prescribing physician. Neither the publishers nor the authors can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of information contained herein. For detailed prescribing information or instructions on the use of any product or procedure discussed herein, please consult the prescribing information or instructional material issued by the manufacturer. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Data available on application ISBN10 1 84184 534 5 ISBN13 978 1 84184 534 0 Distributed in North and South America by Taylor & Francis 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW, (Suite 300) Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA Tel: 1(800)272-7737 or (561)994-0555 Fax: 1(800)374-3401 or (561) 361 6018 Within Continental USA Tel: 800 272 7737; Fax: 800 374 3401 Outside Continental USA Tel: 561 994 0555; Fax: 561 361 6018 Email: [email protected] Distributed in the rest of the world by Thomson Publishing Services Cheriton House North Way Andover, Hampshire SP10 5BE, UK Tel: +44 (0)1264 332424 Email: [email protected] Composition by Scribe Design Ltd, Ashford, Kent, UK Printed and bound in Italy by Printer Trento S.r.l. Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 General Rating Scales 15 Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) 17 Behavioral Assessment System for Children,Second Edition (BASC-2) 23 Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children (BPRS-C) 25 Child Symptom Inventories (CSI) 26 Conners’ Rating Scales-Revised (CRS-R) 29 Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders (DSMD) 31 Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) 32 Revised Behavior Problem Checklist (RBPC) 35 Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) 36 3 Scales for Specific Problems 37 3.1 Anxiety 39 Affect and Arousal Scale (AFARS) 39 Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI) 41 Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R) 43 Kutcher Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder Scale for Adolescents (K-GSADS-A) 46 Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents (LSAS-CA) 48 Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) 49 Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS) 51 Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Children (PSWQ-C) 55 Physical Arousal Scale for Children (PH-C) and Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children (PANAS-C) 57 Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scales (RCADS) 59 Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) 61 Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) 62 Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised (SASC-R) and Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A) 65 Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) 67 Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) 69 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) 70 3.2 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 71 Children’s Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (CHOCI) 71 Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) 76 Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version (LOI-CV) 80 3.3 Depression 82 Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) 82 Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) 84 Children’s Depression Scale (CDS) 86 v Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRS) 87 Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS) 89 Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) 92 Reynolds Child Depression Scale – 2nd Edition (RCDS-2) and Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS) 93 3.4 Suicide 95 Child-Adolescent Suicidal Potential Index (CASPI) 95 Multi-Attitude Suicide Tendency Scale (MAST) 96 Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory (PANSI) 98 Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) 100 Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (SIQ) 101 3.5 Eating Disorder 102 Anorectic Behavior Observation Scale (ABOS) 102 Children’s Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) 104 Children’s Eating Behavior Inventory (CEBI) 106 Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) 108 Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP) 110 3.6 Tics 113 Motor tic,Obsessions and compulsions,Vocal tic Evaluation Survey (MOVES) 113 Tourette’s Disorder Scale (TODS) 114 Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) 116 3.7 Developmental Disorders 119 Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale (ASDS) 119 Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) 120 Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) 121 Behavioral Summarized Evaluation (BSE) 123 Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) 127 Childhood Asperger Symptom Test (CAST) 129 Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) 131 Children’s Communication Checklist – Second Edition (CCC-2) 133 Gilliam Asperger Disorder Scale (GADS) 135 Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (GARS-2) 137 Infant Behavioral Summarized Evaluation (IBSE) 139 Krug Asperger’s Disorder Index (KADI) 140 Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) 141 PDD Behavior Inventory (PDDBI) 143 Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test-II (PDDST-II) 145 Real Life Rating Scale (RLRS) 146 Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) 148 Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) 150 3.8 ADHD 152 ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD RS-IV) 152 ADHD Symptom Rating Scale (ADHD-SRS) 154 Attention Deficit Disorder Evaluation Scale-Third Edition (ADDES-3) 157 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Test (ADHDT) 158 Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scale (BrownADDScales) 160 IOWA Conners Teacher’s Rating Scale (IOWA Conners) 162 Swanson,Kotkin,Atkins,M-Flynn,and Pelham Rating Scale (SKAMP) 164 Swanson,Nolan,and Pelham-IV (SNAP-IV) 165 Vanderbilt ADHD Parent Rating Scale (VADTRS) and Vanderbilt ADHD Teacher Rating Scale (VADPRS) 166 vi 3.9 Conduct Disorder 170 Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) 170 Children’s Aggression Scale (CAS) 172 Children’s Social Behavior Scale (CSBS) and Children’s Social Behavior Scale-Teacher Form (CSBS-T) 176 Direct and Indirect Aggression Scale (DIAS) 177 Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) and Sutter Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory-Revised (SESBI-R) 178 Home Situations Questionnaire (HSQ) and School Situations Questionnaire (SSQ) 180 New York Rating Scale (NYRS) 181 Proactive and Reactive Aggression Scale (PRA) 183 3.10 Substance Use 185 Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Involvement Scale (AADIS) 185 Adolescent Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-Second Version (SASSI-A2) 186 Personal Experiences Inventory (PEI) 192 Personal Experiences Screening Questionnaire (PESQ) 195 Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI) 197 4 Impairment 199 Brief Impairment Scale (BIS) 201 Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS) 204 Children’s Global Assessment Scales (CGAS) 205 Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS) 207 Functional Impairment Scale for Children and Adolescents (FISCA) 209 Health of the Nation Outcome Scales Child and Adolescent Mental Health (HoNOSCA) 210 Appendix 1 – Which scale to use and when 211 Appendix 2 – Alphabetical Listing of Scales 219 vii Preface The assessment and diagnosis of child and adolescent to provide us with the most up to date versions and psychopathology has been the main focus of our research documentation of the scales. For each scale we have asked over the last twenty years. When the publisher approached permission to reproduce the scale, either in full form, or us to write a book containing a comprehensive collection as sample items. We have attempted to give information of rating scales for assessing psychopathology in children about each scale as accurately as possible in an objective and adolescents, we did not hesitate to do so, because and structured way. We had to rely either on such an enterprise fitted nicely into our own wish to have commercially available materials (such as manuals) or on access to a reference source on existing rating scales for published reports in peer-reviewed journals. We are our own and our colleagues’ research and clinical practice. grateful to many authors and publishers who were The complexity of factors involved in the assessment supportive and helped us by providing us with materials and diagnosis of child and adolescent psychopathology and suggestions. makes this an especially intriguing field. The need for We have not attempted to give recommendations on multiple informants (e.g. parents, teachers, and the the use of scales, since different scales may be appropriate children themselves), the role of age and developmental for different purposes. In the introduction we have given a change, and the quantitative rather than qualitative nature number of guidelines the reader might find useful for of child psychopathology are major factors that need to be choosing a certain scale. We recommend that the original taken into account when dealing with the measurement of publication on scales is consulted before a scale can be child and adolescent emotional and behavioral problems. used. Since the recognition that assessment procedures need to Most rating scales were designed in the English be standardized, reliable and valid, and since the language, and for the majority of scales norms are based introduction of instruments that fitted these criteria, on US or UK populations. In our rapidly changing society clinical work and research have benefited greatly from in which many children from various cultural reproducible and quantifiable information that was backgrounds live together in one geographical area and obtained with these procedures. with the increasing use of rating scales in countries where There are different approaches to the assessment of the native language in non-English, it is helpful to know if child psychopathology, including clinical interviews, a rating scale is available in different languages and psychological tests, and rating scales. This book is on whether local norms are available. For some scales this rating scales. Rating scales have the advantage that they information is available, but for the majority of scales this can be used in a variety of settings in a cost-effective way. is not the case. Because systematic information on Because rating scales can be easily applied to large translations and local norms was lacking for the majority numbers of subjects, often rating scales have norms that of scales, we have omitted this information in this edition. can be used to compare an individual child to same-aged Hopefully it will be possible to include this important peers. We have attempted to list the majority of rating information in a next edition. scales that have been published. The only criterion for We wish to thank the publisher for taking the initiative inclusion was the availability of enough psychometric to publish this book and Abigail Griffin, Kelly Cornish properties of a scale to enable the reader to make a and Peter Stevenson for supporting us to accomplish this judgment. We have approached authors and/or publishers in due time. Frank Verhulst Jan van der Ende ix

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