ASSESSMENT OF INVASIVENESS AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACT IN NON-NATIVE PLANTS OF TEXAS

2009·32.9 MB·English

by  Guy L Nesom

AND
ASSESSMENT OF
INVASIVENESS ECOLOGICAL
IMPACT
NON-NATIVE
IN PLANTS OF TEXAS
Guy L Nesom
d C nlylnVaSiVein disturbed habit ts,muc
ede7
ic s
-lively
few
localiti usually in dis turbed
s,
,™
-Woody, Herbaceo„ d F2-Wo
Aquatic
S
(51),
AW
F4 s52wo
and
s
(348),
(80).
About known
516 non-native were 40
species years ago to occur outside of cultivation in Texas counted
(as
&
from 1970)—
Correll Johnston about
11 percent of the
total flora of the state at that time. Since that time,
about 300
additional introductions have been
to the state reported in various publications (summarized
PLANTS NRCS
USDA, PLANTS
in the Database: 2009; the Database has drawn
information from
a
its
variety of sources, including major publications on the Texas The present paper provides summary
flora). a
known
account
of the currently non-native Texas with documentation
those
flora, species included
for in
J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 3(2): 97
Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)
972
The
and impact each species included.
the account since 1970 and a ranking of invasiveness ecological for
number
but
system presented here simple enough to allow a quick assessment of a large of species still to
is
each
provide a fundamental overview of species.
documentation not
have been developed Texas, but for these lists is
Various of invasive species for
lists
which 139
by includes
The most comprehensive presented Texaslnvasives.org (2009),
readily available. list is
common and
name, information
and duration, habit,
with photo each a listing of the family,
species, a for
Two
Texas maps. have state-wide
on morphology, and distribution, including links to detailed lists
biology,
(TDA
Department 2009) with 29 species
Agriculture
Noxious Texas of
of the
standing: the Plant List
legal
(TPWD
with
and Department 2009) 19
from Texas Parks Wildlife
and Prohibited Exotic Species the
a of
list
(NTWGS
Garden 2009)
from North Texas Water Society
The 13 aquatic species the
aquatic species. of
list
TDA The Austin 26 species (some listed simply as the genus)
appears be subset of the City of lists
to a list.
Connection
Avoid (Austin City 2009).
of Invasive Plants to
who
and
seek out
The Texas program organizes teams of local citizen scientists
Invaders of (2009)
and
program, both scientifically—as
This very useful practically
report occurrences of invasive species. is a
Each
and
May more than 7400 observations have been reported are available online.
2009, detailed field
of
an
mapped), indication of
information (with coordinates automatically
report includes precise locality
field
abundance and usually photo of the plant or populations taken at the site of observation.
the a
locality,
at
on
The species sought by the Invaders of Texas participants are the 139 the Texaslnvasives.org list
target
show
mapped
For each individual observations are in aggregate to their total distribu-
species, field
(2009).
—
and documentation.
Texas development of a
Non-native species in list
PLANTS
A Texas was developed by the author from the Database
preliminary of non-native species in
list
NRCS Lower 48 Journals
(USDA, using an Advanced Search for Texas taxa introduced to the states.
2009),
number been
and have excluded.
and were reviewed possible additions, a of species
other for
literature
made rank
Texas presented here often are not to infraspecific (in contrast to the
Identifications in the
list
PLANTS commonly have not been examined or because the validity of the infraspe-
because vouchers
list),
taxonomy Only naturalized have been included cultivated or persisting
not plants that are (vs.
clear.
cific is
(Nesom
2000)
though some on probably would best be characterized as waifs if
from the
cultivation), list
Whether
were done where they were reported to occur. or not a species is
follow-up observations at sites
—
documentation
sometimes may be judge generally such instances are discussed in the
native difficult to
(Nesom
2009a).
the
for full
list
and
(Nesom 2009a) begins with
Texas literature
Documentation the occurrence of these species in
for
and
Johnston's
have been published mostly 1970, the date of publication of Correll
other records that after
which remains the primary resource for the state. In the
Texas" floristic
"Manual Vascular Plants
the of
of
on
each the
species
course of assigning invasiveness rankings, however, the rationale for inclusion of full
one reference
has been examined. For species included in the documentation, at least full literature is
list
on appropriate
with reported Texas counties and other brief notes the status of the species, as
provided,
known. Many on PLANTS from elsewhere have been excluded from the Texas flora
or
taxa the
or as list
and
(Nesom 2009b examples from these
the Asteraceae),
documentation
because mistaken or faulty for
of
A
number been simply
(Nesom have reported
commentaries 2009a). of species
noted
in the
are specifically
docu-
by (Johnston 1990; Hatch 1990) or by mapping (Turner et al. 2003); vouchers or other
listing et al.
mentation these are being provided.
for
and both process
an part of this
Documentation non-native taxa essential critical
the of
for full list is
and supplementation ongoing,
complex and completion are
and Because the information it
this report. is
and documentation
(Nesom Addition voucher information other for
remains an online resource 2009a). of
as
and be
reported in by Johnston (1990) and Hatch et (1990) elsewhere will a significant
species al.
lists
first
Nesom, Fundamental
invasiveness index for non-native species of Texas
973
Systems assessment and
for ranking
of
invasiveness.
In developing
a protocol for evaluating Texas non-native species invasiveness and
for ecological impact,
a
representative set of other systems toward the same end has been considered and
studied.
*
Alien Plants Ranking System (APRS Team
Implementation
(Ver. 5.1) 2000)
*
Ranking
Invasive Exotic
Plant Species in Virginia (Heffernan 2001)
et
al.
*
Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non-Native Plants Threaten Wildlands (Warner
that 2003)
et
al.
* An
Invasive Species Assessment
Protocol: Evaluating Non-native Plants Their Impact on
for Biodi-
(Morse
2004)
sity et
al.
*
Invasiveness Ranking System
Non-native
for Plants of Alaska (Carlson 2008)
et
al.
* New
York
State Plant Ranking System Evaluating Non-Native
for Plant Species
for Invasiveness
(DRAFT)
(Jordan et 2009).
al.
Perhaps most
the widely applied (and adapted) Morse
of these by
developed
is et (2004), NatureServe,
al.
in collaboration with The Nature Conservancy and
the National Park
U.S.
Service. a "protocol
is for as-
It
and
sessing categorizing non-native plants according impacts on
to their native NatureServe
biodiversity."
now
Explorer includes an impact rank ("I-rank"— medium, many
high,
low, or insignificant) non-native
for
plant species of the USA.
In each of the systems above, assessment and ranking an
of individual species invokes
a series of detailed
grouped
questions some
into a set of topics, usually including
or of these:
all
*
impact and
ecological
potential for future impact;
*
biological including and
attributes, dispersal
ability invasiveness
potential;
*
ecological amplitude;
*
control/management and
feasibility cost.
A
amount
significant of the information required the ranking drawn from
for
criteria is literature pertinent
under
the species
to consideration. After scoring complete whole may
the
is for set of questions, the species
be ranked numerically by may
its additive score, or the additive score translate to a broader category.
The
ranking
protocol the Tennessee EPPC
for Invasive Exotic Plant (Tennessee
List 2001) consider-
is
from
ably different those above. In the Tennessee system, a species assigned by committee
is a of biologists
one number
to of the following categories (the of Tennessee species in each category
indicated):
is
—
Rank
1 Severe Threat:
Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread
easily
communities and
into native plant
displace native vegetation. (29
species)
2—
Rank
Significant Threat:
Exotic plant species that possess
characteristics of invasive species but are not
presently considered spread
to as easily into native plant communities Rank
as those species
listed as
(49 species)
1
—
.
Rank
3
Lesser Threat:
Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed and not
areas; are presently
considered
a threat to native plant communities. (28
species)
A—
Watch
may
List Exotic plants and become problem
that naturalize
a in the future; includes species
that
become
could
are or widespread more
in Tennessee. At time information needed, and
this
there
is
is
no
consensus about
their status. (24 species)
B—
Watch
List Exotic plant species that are severe problems in surrounding but have not been
states reported
in Tennessee.
(6 species)
The
protocol proposed here Texas
for non-native species very similar the one developed
is to for Tennessee.
and
Invasiveness ecological impact of Texas non-native
species.
The
system
outlined here for use in Texas emphasizes allowing assessment number
simplicity, of the large
known
of non-native
species (all that are to occur in the Because elements and
state). essential of biology
geography
are included in the assessments, the system termed Fundamental
the Invasiveness
is Index. After
becoming
familiar with the categories of the index and the under
characteristics of the species
consideration,
the species assigned one The
of the
is to categories. first category (Fl) applies to species that have invasive
biological characteristics as well as a strong and adverse impact on natural systems and an
biodiversity
(or
adverse economic The two main
impact). other
categories (F2, F3) include species that are
less significant
Texas
Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of 3(2)
974
F2 and F3 made on the basis of
between
with species of
economic impact, the division
in ecological or
Within F2 and within F3, slightly dif-
abundance, and potential spread.
for
geographic distribution,
their
two growth forms are generally
woody and herbaceous the
species, as
given
characterizations are for
ferent
distinct in biology.
from ones, in part because of their potential for
The terrestrial
biology of aquatic species is distinct
water—
sometimes
grow open per-
Emergents in
in aquatic systems. that
extremely rapid dispersal local
Nasturtium)— included
mud art
Ludwigia,
wet Alternanthera,
habitats
or in periodically
in (i.e.,
sisting flats
many them
and already
damage,
major ecosystem of
cause
Each species has the potential to
aquatics.
as
damaging in the lake
least locally
noxious over wide regions; others are ecologically at
recognized
are as
recognized here in the category of
Somewhat aquatic species are
where
stream they occur. arbitrarily,
or
by herbarium voucher specimens,
more recorded
maxinum counties
they occur in 10 or (as
negative
effect
if
by specimens
vouchered
documentation). Hydrilla verticillata is
photos, or other reliable
expert sightings or
some
more widely do of the other species).
TEX only about six Texas counties but clearly occurs (as
for
at
same
known placed in the category.
occur 9 or fewer counties are
Otherwise, aquatic species to in all
and
on
A assessments based array of explicit
from NatureServe provides
such
ranking system that
as
an
such
number contemplation of intricate
and non-native species,
For Texas large of
detailed criteria. its
perhaps has inhibited even the begin-
completion
amount
system and the massive of time required for its
Texas,
overview of the situation in
provide
ning of one. The system here, however, appears to a realistic
many currently included. Further, the current
remain be species
even though assessments to clarified for
may
be
which more assessments developed.
from detailed
account provides a basis
least
at
knowledge required of the following.
an
For accurate evaluation of individual species, is
*
non-native?
the species native or
Nativity.
Is
Documentation
* Texas pre-1970, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s).
Approximate introduction in
date of
(e.g.,
introduced before 1970 (those in-
information species
system does not provide specific for
in the current
&
recorded since that
but species
Manual Vascular Plants of Texas), for
the
cluded in Correll Johnston's of
on
and updated the internet
much review posted periodically
time, dates are evident, as as possible, in a
(Nesom
2009a).
maps Turner distribution
* on in (2003),
Current geographic distribution. Based distribution et al.
from (primarily those in Texas),
herbaria
maps generated by data from Invaders of Texas (2009), records
and Based on experience of the
* behavior in Texas in other regions. field
Ecological/reproductive
from herbarium
information collections.
and published
author others, literature,
on
herbaceous or woody). Based experi-
* and growth form (aquatic or terrestrial, field
Basic habitat
FUNDAMENTAL INDEX
INVASIVENESS
native species or natural biodiversity
and Negatively affecting
Fl_lnvasive both disturbed natural habitats.
in
with invasive
and by outcompeting or hybridizing native species; or,
by vegetation habitats or
native
altering
known
economic damage. Aquatic species to occur in 10 or
and
causing significant
agricultural habitats
into
ischaemum
Arundo
Examples: donax, Bothriochloa var.
and
Woody,
more herbaceous, aquatic species.
counties.
Lygodium japonicum,
Lonicerajaponica,
Ligustrum
sinense,
Eichhornia
Centaurea crassipes,
songarica, melitensis,
Ulmus
pumila.
Nandina moksta, Sorghum halepense, Triadica (Sapium) sebifera,
domestica, Salvinia
much commonly
F2—
commonly
Abundant number and widespread, invasive in disturbed habitats, less
in
in natural habitats (Table
1).
Abundant number and widespread, comi
odyvii in
les.
Poncirus Pyrus calleryana, Vit
iglauca, trifoliate
and
widespread
tdhabi sometimes in croplands,
tats, i
Nesom, Fundamental
invasiveness index
for non-native species of Texas
Gamochaeta
coarctata, Hypochaeris microcephala, hxmium Medkago
amplexicaule,
lupulina, Stachys
floridana, St
3—
numb
n known
n
Relatively in
u
fe r, froi relat velyfe,v localities, sually in dist arbed habitats.
F3-Woody—
Trees
elylong
Examples:
Ardis
t.
onlyo
G
§oh
Phyllan nus,Plantagocor nopus.Orinsomz
sped
sporadically
appearing
,
m
Ztr7d
°L
u aae naca,Nams
P
'
sus,Tagetesere
\—
unknc
Status
Watch
list: terrestrial non-native species in Texas potentially ranked
as
Fl.
Many
of the non-native Among
species in Texas occur only in small number
areas. these are
a significant
have been
that relatively recently recorded and known
for the state that are be both highly and
to invasive
ecologically destructive in other regions of the United These
States. features characterize the species included
on
the Texas "Watch (Appendix may
These
List" species be expected spread in Texas and become
5). to
Some woody
ecologically problematic. of the Cinnamomum
species, like camphora,
Photinia
serratijolia, Pista-
and
cia chinensis, Vitex agnus-castus are widely planted and
seeds often are nearly ubiquitous around urban
areas—
each
of these
species already appears be spreading
to into natural habitats. In contrast, species such
as Albiziajulibrissin and Morus alba are invasive and occur in large numbers but appear be more
to restricted
disturbed
to habitats or edges woods.
to of
An
interesting point regarding
pantropical maritime
species potentially or incipiently invasive in Texas
Tom
has been by
raised "How
Patterson (South Texas Rio Grande new
College,
City). to classify these
arrivals?
For most
the part, they have not escaped from
cultivation. But they and
potentially are a threat believe
I
own
they need
their category. After tropical storms South Padre Island mangrove
receives sea beans, red
and Some
coconuts.
fruits, of these propagules in the past have produced and have been
plants
infrequently
documented
by
succumb
collections, only With warming
later to to a severe freeze. global more
of these
pantropical maritime and become
species will
persist naturally adventive
to Texas." In this category Patterson
includes
Caesalpina
bonduc, Canavalia
rosea, Cassytha Conocarpus
Laguncularia
filiformis, erectus, racemosa,
Rhizophora and
mangle, These added
Scaveolaplumieri. Watch
are
as a special category in the (Appendix
List
5).
Roadside
flora.
The
emphasis on
here
impact
ecological
natural
to habitats especially significant in Texas, where such
is
a
relatively small portion of the land unaltered and
remaining
is critical to protect natural Following
is
it areas.
of Texas
Journal of the Botanical Research Institute 3(2)
976
comprise por-
they a significant
since
Texas exceptionally significant
however, roadsides in are
thought,
that
some important harboring elements of the native flora.
public land in the state and in places are in
tion of
and sometimes weediness
the
hard know what do with roadsides. They're not entirely natural,
to to
"It's
and
you wish you had time machine and could go back 1000 years (or 100) see
Don't a
stops at the fence.
mustards,
non-native
wonder what would look without the
spring like all
Texas without of the exotics?
all I
and
What might we have had that no longer here at all? All that vetch clover
mints, beans, grasses, is
etc.
comm.).
(Monique Reed,
had *something*" pers.
and henbit and shepherd's purse to replace
APPENDIX
1
"WATCH
on
the
Species
Li
:ings.
(Appendix
are indicated.
4)
L—
Cuminum cyminum F3-Herbaceous
ACANTHACEAE
Cyclospermum leptophyllum Sprague ex
Anders—
polysperma (Pers.) Bri
Hygrophila (Roxb.)T.
F:
Wilson— F2-Herbaceous
Nees— F2-Woody
Nomaphila
stricta (Vahl)
Apium ex Benth.
Morong— leptophyllum Muell.
F3-Herbaceous syn= (Pers.)
caerulea F.
Ruellia
—
F2-Herbaceous
Daucus
carota
L
Leonard
syn= brittoniana
Ruellia
Mill— F3-Herbaceous
Sims— Foeniculum vulgare
F3-Herbace
Thunbergia ex
alata Bojer P.
Lam—
F3-Herbaceous
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides
—
ALOACEAE
F3-Herbaceous
Pastinaca sativa L
Burm.f— F3-Herbaceous
Aloe vera
(L)
Nyman
crispum ex A.W.
Petroselinum Hill-
Mill.)
(P.
AMARANTHACEAE
Herbaceous
L—
F3-Herbaceous L
Achyranthes aspera Apium petroselinum
syn=
L—
Kunth— F2-Herbaceous F3-Herbaceous
caracasana
Alternanthera Scandix pecten-veneris
-Woody WATCF
Griseb—
Link-F2-Herbaceous
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) F1 arvensis (Huds.)
Torilis
Kunth—
pungens F3-Herbaceous Gaertn— F2-Herbaceous
nodosa
Alternanthera
Torilis (L)
—
F3-Herbaceous
Alternanthera tenella Colla
APOCYNACEAE
Alternanthera bettzichiana (Regel.) Standi.
syn=
Don—
F3-Woody
Catharanthus roseus
G.
(L)
L—
F2-Herbaceous
Amaranthus
blitum
L—
F3-Woody
Nerium oleander
L—
F3-Herbaceous
Amaranthus cruentus
L—
F2-Herbaceous
major
Vinca
Moq.
Amaranthus hybridus van cruentus
(L)
syn= L—
minor F4-Herbaceous
Vinca
L—
F3-Herbaceous
Amaranthus hypochondriacus
DC—
ARACEAE
F4-Herbaceous
Amaranthus
sessilis (L)
L— -Woody
Schott—FI
Colocasia esculenta
F3-Herbaceous (L)
argentea
Celosia
L—
Gomphrena F2-Herbaceous
globosa
exTrimen— F2-Woc
Cryptocoryne beckettiiThwaites
AMARYLLIDACEAE
L—
-Woody
stratiodes Fl
Pistia
L—
F3-Herbaceous
belladonna
Amaryllis
F2-Woody
Schott—
Xanthosoma
sagittifolium
(L)
Traub— F3-Herbaceous
Habranthus tubispathus
(L'Her.)
ARALIACEAE
Habranthus texanus (-Herbaceousert) Steud.
syn=
—
L—
F2-Herbaceous
Hedera
F3-Herbaceous helix
Narcissus jonquilla L
L—
F3-Herbaceous
pseudonarcissus
Narcissus
ASCLEPIADACEAE
L—
L—
F3-Herbaceous
Narcissus tazetta
F3-Herbaceous
Asclepias curassavica
Br-
Cryptostegia grandiflora (Roxb. ex
ANACARDIACEAE R. Br.) R.
WATCH
WATCH
Herbaceous
Bunge— F3-Woody
chinensis
Pistacia
L—
F3-Herbaceous
graeca
Periploca
WATCH
L—F3-Woody
Schinus molle
WATCH
Raddi— F3-Woody
Schinus terebinthifolius
DC—
F4-Herbaceous
repens
Acroptilon
APIACEAE (L)
L—
SYN=CentaurearepensL
Ammi
majus F2-Herbaceous
L—
Lam— F2-Herbaceous
Anthemiscotula
Ammi
F3-Herbaceous
visnaga
(L)
L—
L—
F3-Herbaceous
Anethum F3-Herbaceous Bidens pilosa
graveolens
Hornem—
F3-Herbaceous
Bupleurum
lancifolium
—
L—
F3-Herbaceous
Carduus acanthoides
F2-Herbaceous L
Bupleurum rotundifolium
—
Nyma
macrocephalus
Carduus nutans
Conium maculatum F2-Herbaceous subsp. (Desf.)
L
L—
Herbaceous
F3-Herbaceous
Coriandrum sativum
Nesom, Fundamental
invasiveness index for non-native species of Texas
syn= Card u us macrocephalus Silybum marianum Gaertn— F3-Herbaceous
Desf.
(L)
anthemiifolia
Solivia
(Jus
L—
WATCH
Carduus pycnocephalus F2-Herbaceous
syn= Soliva mutisiiKuntl
L—
Carthamus lanatus F3-Herbaceous Soliva & Pavon— F2-H
sessilis Ruiz
L—
Carthamus F3-Herbaceous
tinctorius
(Jus
la
L—
Centaurea cyanus F2-Herbaceous Sweet—
Soliva stolonifera F2-Herba<
(Brot.)
L—
Centaurea -Herbaceous
melitensis Fl syn= Gymnostyles
stolonifera Tutin-
(Brot.)
—
Centaurea F4-Herbaceous
syn= Gymnostyles
solstitialis L
nasturtiifolia Juss.
L—
Cichorium intybus F2-Herbaceous Sonchus asper F2-Herbaceous
Hill—
(L.)
L—
WATCH
Cirsium vulgare (Savi)Ten.— F2-Herbaceous Sonchus oleraceus F2-Herbaceous
5YN=CarduL Sphagneticola
trilobata
(L.
L—
Cnicus benedictus F4-Herbaceous
Nesom—
Symphyotrichum squamatum
L
syn= Centaurea benedicta (L) (Spreng.) F4-
Cronq—
Conyza bonariensis F2-Herbaceous Herbaceous
(L)
=
Aster subulatus sandwicensis Gray
syn
var. A.
L—
Cav—
Cosmos
bipinnatus F3-Herbaceous Tagetes erecta F4-Herbaceous
DC—
Cav—
Cosmos
sulphureus F3-Herbaceous Taraxacum laevigatum F2-Herbaceous
(Willd.)
Cotula australis (Sieber) Hook, fi— F3-Herbaceous syn= Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. ex
Bess.
Walk—
Crepis F4-Herbaceous Taraxacum L F2-Herbaceous
capillaris (L) officinale subsp. officinale—
L—
Scop—
F3-Herbaceous Tragopogon
Crepis pulchra dubius F2-Herbaceous
L—
f—
F4-Herbaceous Tragopogon
Crepis setosa F2-Herbaceous
Haller porrifolius
—
Crepis zacintha Babcock— F4-Herbaceous Tridax procumbens F3-Herbaceous
(L)
L.
L—
Nicols— F4-Herbaceous Xanthium spinosum
Emilia fosbergii F2-Herbaceous
D.H.
F2-Herbaceous
Facelis retusa (Lam.) Schultz-Bip.—
Cav—
Galinsoga F2-Herbaceous
parviflora
A
Garni
(Urb.)
1a
BASELLACEAE
Gamochaeta
Cabrera— F2-Herbaceous
calviceps
(Fern.)
Anredera Steenis— F3-Herbaceous
cordifolia
(Ten.)
Gamochaeta Kerg—
F2-Herbaceous
coarctata
(Willd.)
Gamochaeta
pensylvanica Cabrera—
F2-
(Willd.)
BERBERIDACEAE
Herbaceous
Nandina domestica Thunb.—FI -Woody
Hedypnoiscretica Dum.-Cours.— F2-Herbaceous
(L)
Hypochaeris tweediei & Am.)
brasiliensis (Hook.
var. BIGNONIACEAE
Baker—
F2-Herbaceous
Macfadyena AH. Gentry— F3-Woody
unguis-cati
(L.)
&
syn= Hypochaeris tweediei Hook. Arn. WATCH
L—
Hypochaeris glabra F2-Herbaceous
Paulowniatomentosa(Thunb.)Sieb.&Zucc.exSteud.— F3-
Hypochaeris microcephala
albiflora (Kuntze) Cabre- Woody
var.
ra—
F2-Herbaceous
BORAGINACEAE
L—
Hypochaeris F2-Herbaceous
radicata
—
Anchusa azurea Mill— F3-Herbaceous
P.
Lactuca saligna F3-Herbaceous
L.
L— SYN=AnchusaitalicaRetz.
Lactuca F2-Herbaceous
serriola
Johnston—
Buglossoides F2-Herbaceous
arvensis
(L)
I.M.
communis
Lapsana L-
Lehm—
Cynoglossum
zeylanicum
L— Thunb. ex F3-
(Vahl)
Leontodon
hispidus F3-Herbaceous
Herbaceous
Leontodon Merat—
taraxacoides F4-Herbaceous
(Vill.)
L—
Echium
vulgare F3-Herbaceous
Lam—
Leucanthemum
vulgare F2-Herbaceous
Vahl—
Heliotropium amplexicaule F2-Herbaceous
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
syn=
L.
L—
europaeum
Heliotropium F3-Herbaceous
L Chamomile—
F4-Herbaceou
Matricaria recutita Wild
L—
Heliotropium indicum F2-Herbaceous
Chamomilla
syn= Rauschert
recutita (L)
Dumort—
Lappula squarrosa F4-Herbaceous
(Retz.)
syn= Matricaria chamomilla coronata Gay) Coss
var.
(J.
Germ.
BRASSICACEAE
Mustard
Family
L
syn= suaveolens
Matricaria
Heynh—
Arabidopsisthaliana F2-Herbaceous
(L)
Czern—
juncea F3-Herbaceous
Brassica
(L)
Koch—
F3-Herbaceous
Brassica nigra W.DJ.
(L.)
L—
F3-Herbaceous
Brassica oleracea
Gray—
F3-Her
Sanvitalia angustifolia
A.
L—
L— Brassica rapa F2-Herbaceous
Scorzonera F2-Herbaceou
laciniata
L—
Senecio F2-Herbaceous
vulgaris
— — —
Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)
CANNABACEAE
Gouan—
F3-Woody
F3-Herbaceous Cannabis sativa—
Brassica tournefortii sativa
var.
L.
Scop—
maritima F4-Herbaceous
Cakile
CANNACEAE
DC—
Camelina microcarpa F2-Herbaceous
x
Canna F3-Herbace
xgeneralis
Bailey [glauca indica]
Schmi
syn= Camelina subsp. microcarpa (DC)
sativa
E.
Canna xorchiodes
syn= Bailey
Camelina Velen.— F3-Herbaceous
rumelica L—
Canna F3-Herbaceous
indica
Medik—
F2-Herbaceous
Capsella bursa-pastoris
(L)
Canna
syn= coccinea
Mill.
P.
Don—
Cardamine F2-Herbaceous
debilis
D.
L— CAPPARACEAE
Cardamine F2-Herbaceous
hirsuta
L—
Cleome gynandra F3-Herbaceous
draba Desv.— F3-Herbaceous
Cardaria
(L)
DC—
Cleome L
syn= pentaphylla
Chorispora F2-Herbaceous
tenella
(Pallas)
Chod—
Cleome
F4-Herbaceous
Dumort— hassleriana
F2-Herbaceous
Conringia
orientalis
(L)
Sm—
Coronopus didymus F2-Herbaceous
(L)
Webb
Descurainia sophia ex Prantl— F2-Herbaceoi
(L)
DC—
F2-Herbaceous
Diplotaxis muralis
(L.)
DC
F3 -Herbaceous
Diplotaxistenuifolia (L) & Paxton— F3-Woody
Lonicera fragrantissima
Lind.
Thunb—
-Woody
Lonicera japonica F1
Herbaceous
WATCH
Herder— F3-Woody
Lonicera maackii
(Rupr.)
-
P
Mill
L—
Agrostemma
githago F3-Herbaceous
Raphanus
syn= eruca Crantz
(L)
L—
F2-Herbaceous
Arenaria
serpyllifolia
Erucastrum Schulz— F2-Herbaceous
gallicum
(Willd.) O.E.
Baumg—
Cerastium fontanum F2-Herbaceo
L—
Erysimum repandum F2-Herbaceous
Br—
Lepidium campestre F3-Herbaceous
(L)
R.
L—
F3-Herbaceous
itifolium
erastium glomeratumThuil -F2-H
L—
Lepidium F3-Herbaceous
ruderale
Desv—
F3-Herbaceous
Lobularia maritima
(L.)
pumilum
Cerastium W. Curtis— F2-Herbaceous
L—
F3-Herbaceous—
Dianthus armeria
f—
F3-Herbaceous
Matthiola incana
(L) Ait.
L—
F4-Herbaceous
Dianthus barbatus
DC—
F3-Herbaceous
Matthiola longipetala
(Vent.)
Bieb—
Gypsophila elegans F3-Herbaceous
M.
&
thiola iongipetala subsp. bicornis (Sibthorp Sm.)
L—
Holosteum umbellatum F2-Herbaceous
P.W.Bali
Romo—
&
Petrorhagia dubia Lopez F2-Herbaceous
L—
(Raf.)
Myagrum
F3-Herbaceous
perfoliatum
& Heywood
syn= Petrorhagia velutina (Guss.) P.W. Ball
Ait— -Woody
Nasturtium
officinale W.T. F1
L—
F2-Herbaceous
Polycarpon tetraphyllum
(L)
syn= Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Hayek
(L)
— procumbens
Sagina
L-
Raphanus L F3-Herbaceous
rapistrum
Saponaria
L— officinalis
L.
Raphanus F3-Herbaceous
sativus
L—
conoidea F3-Herbaceous
Silene
Raphanus raphanistrum Beck
syn= var. sativus (L) G.
Ehrh—
dichotoma F4-Herbaceous
Silene
Rapistrum rugosum AIL— F1 -Herbaceous
(L)
L—
F2-Herbaceous
L— Silene gallica
F4-Herbaceous
Sinapis alba
L—
Spergula F3-Herbaceous
arvensis
L—
F2-Herbaceous
Sinapis arvensis
&
echinosperma
Spergularia Graebn. F3-
Aschers.
(Celak.)
LC
Wheeler
syn= Brassica kaber (DC.)
Herbaceous—
L—
Sisymbrium F2-Herbaceous
altissimum
Fenzl— F3-Herbaceous
Spergularia platensis (Camb.)
L—
Sisymbrium F2-Herbaceous
irio
media F2-Herbaceous
VilL—
Stellaria
(L)
Scop—
Sisymbrium F2-Herbaceous
officinale (L)
Crepin— F2-Herbaceous
L— Stellaria pallida (Dumort.)
Sisymbrium F3-Herbaceous
orientale
&
media
syn= subsp. (Dumort.) Aschers.
Stellaria pallida
Scoggan
syn= Brassica kaber var. orientalis (L)
Graebn.
L—
Sisymbrium polyceratium F3-Herbaceous
parva Pedersen— F3-Herbaceous
L— Stellaria
arvense F2-Herbaceous
Thlaspi
Rauschert— F2-Herbaceous
Vaccaria hispanica
Mill.)
(P.
CACTACEAE
Medic—
pyramidata F2-Herbaceous
Vaccaria
Mill— F3-Woody
Opuntia
ficus-indica
(L)
P.
CASUARINACEAE
syn= Opuntia compressa Macbr.
J.F.
L—F3-Woody WATCH
Casuarina
equisetifolia
F3-Woody
Mill—
Pereskia aculeata R
CELASTRACEAE
CAMPANULACEAE
Euonymus Hand.-Mazz— F3-Herbaceous
L— fortunei
(Turcz.)
Campanula F3-Herbaceous
rapunculoides
DC—
CHENOPODIACEAE
Wahlenbergia marginata F3-Herbaceous
(Thunb.)
A.
Muell— F3-Woody
holocarpa
Atriplex
F.
—
Nesom, Fundamental
invasiveness index for non-native species of Texas
L— L—
rosea F3-Herbaceous Ipomoea quamodit F3-Herbaceous
Atriplex
—
Br—
Ipomoea
semibaccata F1-Herbacec F4-Herbaceous
Atriplex setosa Ker-Gawl
R.
—
Kuntz— Ipomoea
F3-Her F3-Herbaceous
Bassia hyssopifolia
tricolor Cav.
(Pallas)
Lag—
Ipomoea
syn= Kochia hyssopifolia Schrad. turbinata F4-Herbaceous
(Pallas)
Bassia scoparia AJ. Scott— Fl-Herbace
(L)
—
Ipomoea
F4-Herbaceous
Schrad violacea
ia(L)
L.
-F3-Herbaceous Ipomoea Gray—
Beta F4-Herbaceous
vulgaris wrightii
Ipomoea
ia(UArcang.
vulgaris subsp. syn= heptaphylla Voigt
(Roxb.)
rr
i
L—
Chenopodium album
F2-Herbaceous
CRASSULACEAE
L—
Chenopodium
ambrosioides F2-Herbaceous
Kalan e
daigrei
L—
Chenopodium
F3-Herbaceous
botrys
—
Chenopodium gfaucum L
F3-Herbaceous
Zeyh—
&
Kalanchoe delagoensis F4-Herbaceous
Ecklon
L—
Chenopodium
murale F2-Herbaceous
Hamet
Kalanchoe
syn= (Harvey)
tubiflora
Chenopodium
&
opulifolium Schrad. ex Koch
Ziz-
Kalanchoe
syn=
verticilllata
Ell.
Kalanchoe Hamet &
fedtschenkoi Raym. Perrier— F4-
H.
Herbaceous
Chenopodium
syn=
v
CUCURBITACEAE
Chenopodium
pumilio Br.— F3-Herbaceous
R.
Schrad—
F4-Herbaceous
colocynthis
Citrullus
Chenopodium (L)
non
syn= carinatum
auct.
R. Br.
Mansf—
L—
Citrullus lanatus citroides F4-
Chenopodium var. (Bailey)
F4-Herbaceous
vulvaria
F4-Herbaceous
Salsola collina Pallas—
L Mosyak
pontica
Salsola subsp.
kali
(Pallas)
Herbaceous
syn= van pontica
Salsola Pallas
kali
Voigt— F4-Herbaceous
Coccinia grandis
(L)
&
syn= Coccinia sensu Johnston
cordifolia Correll
§<Pau)Bc
L—
Cucumis
anguria F3-Herbaceous
syn= Salsola subsp. tragus (L.)Ce
kali
Spach—
Cucumis
dipsaceus F3-Herbac
Ehrenb. ex
C.G.
syn=
Salsola pestifer A. Nels.
L—
Spinacia oleracea F3-Herbaceous
Naud—
Cucumis melo dudain F4-Herbaceous
var.
CLUSIACEAE
Lagenaria Standi— F3-Herbaceous
siceraria (Molina)
WATCH
L.—F2-Woody
Hypericum perforatum
aegyptiaca Mill— F3-Herbaceous
Luffa
P.
COMBRETACEAE
L—
F3-Woody
Conocarpus
erectus
.—
F3-Woody
Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn
(L)
COMMELINACEAE CUSCUTACEAE
L—
Commelina communis
F2-Herbaceous Cuscuta japonica Choisy— F3-Herbaceous
& Hunt— Sen—
Gibasis pellucida (Mart DR. F2-Herbaceous Cuscuta suaveolens F3-Herbaceous
Gal.)
Murdannia Brenan— F2-Herbaceous
nudiflora
(L)
CYPERACEAE
Don
Anei!ema
syn= nudicaule (Burm.
G.
f.)
barbata Clarke— F3-Herbaceous
Bulbostylis
(Rottb.) C.B.
—
syn= Aneilema nudiflorum Sweet
(L)
Cyperus F2-Herbaceous
difformis
L.
CONVOLVULACEAE
Cyperus entrerianus Bockeler— -Herbaceous
F1
L—
Lam—
Convolvulus F2-Herbaceous Cyperus F3-Herbaceous
arvensis eragrostis
L—
Ipomoea
F3-Herbaceous
alba syn= Cyperus vegetus
Willd.
Lam—
Ipomoea batatas F4-Herbaceous Cyperus involucratus Rottb— F2-Herbaceous
(L.)
L—
Sweet—
Ipomoea
F3-Herbaceous Cyperus F2-Herbaceous
cairica
(L) iria
Don—
Cherm—
Ipomoea
F3-Herbaceous Cyperus phaeolepis F4-Herbaceous
capiilacea (Kunth) G.
.—
Ipomoea Kunth—
carnea F2-Herbaceous Cyperus F3-Herbaceous
Jacq prolixus
L—
Ipomoea Cyperus rotundus F2-Herbaceous
syn= crassicaulis (Benth.) B.L Robins.
syn= Ipomoea fistulosa Mart, ex Choisy Rhynchospora debilis Gale— F3-Herbaceous
Ipomoea
F4-Herbaceous
fistulosa Mart.
DIOSCOREACEAE
L—
Ipomoea F4-Herbaceous —
hederifolia
Dioscorea
bulbifera F4-Herl
L,
DIPSACACEAE
n.f.)M
Scabiosa atropurpure
(Vahl)
ta R-
Dipsacus fullonum L-
Ipomoea Roth—
F3-Herbace
nil (L)
— — —— —
Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)
L—
DRYOPTERIDACEAE Medicago
F2-Herbaceous
lupulina
L—
Cyrtomium F3-Herbaceous Medicago minima F2-Herbaceous
falcatum
(L
Pres!
K. (L.)
f.)
Medicago
F2-Herbaceous
orbicularis
(L) Bartalini
L—
Medicago polymorpha F2-Herbaceous
ELAEAGNACEAE
L—
Medicago F2-Herbaceous
sativa
L—F3-Woody WATCH
Elaeagnus
angustifolia
Medicago
Martyn
syn= xvaria
commutata F3-Woody
Elaeagnus
Rydb.
Medik—
Melilotus albus -Herbaceous
F1
pungens Thunb.— F3-Woody
Elaeagnus
AIL—
-Herbaceous
Melilotus indicus F1
(L)
EUPHORBIACEAE
Lam—
-Herbaceous
Melilotus officinalis Fl
—
(L.)
Croton argenteus F2-Herbaceous
L Benth—
Neptunia plena F3-Herbaceous
(L)
.—
Chamaesyce
F3-Herbaceous
hirta (L) Millsp Oxyrhynchus Brandeg— F4-Herbaceous
volubilis
L—
Euphorbia F4-Herbaceous
cyparissias Wil—
Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Id.)
L—
Euphorbia exigua F3-Herbaceous
Johnston— F3-Woody
L—
Euphorbia F3-Herbaceous
helioscopia
montana Maesen & Alme
Pueraria lobata
var. (Willd.)
L—
Euphorbia F3-Herbaceous
WATCH
lathyris F2-Woody
Manihot Crantz— F3-Woody
esculenta
Puen
i=
Webster— F3-Herbaceou
Phyllanthus fraternus G.L
Senna corymbosa & Barneby—
F3-W
(Lam.)
Ir\
Roxb—
F3-Herbaceous
Phyllanthus
tenellus
L—
F2-Herbaceous
Phyllanthus
urinaria
Senna Link— F2-Herbaceous
occidentalis
(L)
L—
communis
F2-Herbaceous
Ricinus
L
syn= Cassia occidentalis
5mall~F1-Woody
Triadica sebifera Urb—
(L) Sesbania emerus F2-Herbaceous
(Aubl.)
Sapium
syn= sebiferum Roxb. Benth—
(L) Sesbania punicea F3-Herbaceous
(Cav.)
Sesbania Link— F3-Herbaceous
sericea
FABACEAE (Willd.)
L—
junceum F3-Woody
Spartium
Aeschynomene Wright— F3-Herbaceous
evenia
C.
DC—
Sphaerophysa F3-Herbaceous
salsula
Durazz.— F2-Woody (Pallas)
Albizia julibrissin
L—
arvense F3-Herbaceous
Trifolium
F3-Woody
lebbeck Benth.—
Albizia
(L)
Schreb—
campestre F3-Herbaceous
Trifolium
maurorum
Medik.— F3-Herbaceous
Alhagi
dubium
Sibthorp— F2-Herbaceous
Trifolium
sYN=AlhagicamelorumFisch.
L—
DC—
incarnatum F2-Herbaceous
Trifolium
F3-Herbaceous
Alysicarpus vaginalis
(L)
L—
L—
lappaceum F3-Herbaceous
Trifolium
hypogaea F3-Herbaceous
Arachis
polymorphum
Poir— F2-Herbaceous
Trifolium
Caesalpinia
gilliesii (Hook.) Wallich ex D. Dietr.-
L—
pratense F3-Herbaceous
Trifolium
L—
repens F2-Herbaceous
Trifolium
Gray— F3-Woody
cana
L—
resupinatum F2-Herbaceous
Trifolium
&
mexicana Rose
(Gray)
Britt.
L—
Sw—
subterraneum F3-Herbaceous
Trifolium
F3-Woody
Caesalpinia lerrima
pul<
(L.)
vesiculosum Savi— F2-Herbaceous
Trifolium
Scop—
L—
F3-Herbaceous
grandiflora
Vicia
F3-Herbaceous
ternatea
Clitoria
L—
Vicia hirsuta
(L)
F2-Herbaceous S.F.
Coronilla varia <
L—
L—
F3-Herbaceous
lathyroides
Vicia
F3-Herbaceous
Crotalaria retusa
-F3-H
Roth— Vicia lu
F3-Herbaceous
Crotalaria spectabilis
Ehrh—
F2-Herbaceous
Vicia sativa subsp. nigra
(L)
syn= Hitchc
Crotalaria A.S.
retzii
Kummerowiastipulacea Makino F3-Herbaceous
(Maxim.)
syn=
Vicia sativa var. angustifolia (L) Ser.
Maxir
?a
SchindL— F2-Herbaceous
(Thunb.)
:a
&
syn= Lespedeza (Thunb.) Hook. Arn.
striata
L—
Lathyrus aphaca F3-Herbaceous
L—
Lange
Lathyrus F2-Herbaceous
hirsutus
L—
-F2-Herbaceous
Lathyrus F3-Herbaceous
latifolius
Corb—
F3-Herbaceous
Vicia villosa Radzhi subsp. varia (Host)
Lespedeza bicolorTurcz— F3-Herbaceous
(Dum Don
Lespedeza cuneata F2-Herbaceous
-Cours.) G.
villosa— F2-Herbaceous
WATCH Vicia villosa Radzhi subsp.
Walp—
Vigna unguiculata F3-Herbaceous
Wit— F3-Woody
Leucaena leucocephala de (L)
(Lam.)
sYN=Vigna
WATCH sinensis Savi
(L)
DC—
L— -Woody
Wisteria sinensis F1
(Sims)
Lotus F3-Herbaceous
corniculatus
Delgado—
Macroptilium gibbosifolium F4-
(Ortega) FUMARIACEAE
A.
DC—
Herbaceous
Fumaria F3-Herbaceous
densiflora
Huds—
Medicago
F2-Herbaceous
arabica
(L)