Assessment of Crop Loss From Air Pollutants

548 Pages·1988·14.524 MB·English

by  Raymond G. Wilhour (auth.), Walter W. Heck, O. Clifton Taylor, David T. Tingey (eds.)

ASSESSMENT OF CROP LOSS
FROM AIR POLLUTANTS
Proceedings of an International Conference
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
October 25-29, 1987
Organized by the Research Management Committee of the
National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN)
for the
US Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Research Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
ASSESSMENT OF CROP LOSS
FROM AIR POLLUTANTS
Edited by
WALTER W. HECK
USDA-Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
North Carolina, USA
O. CLIFfO N TAYLOR
University of California, Riverside, California, USA
and
DAVID T. TINGEY
US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE
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WITH 53 TABLES AND 127 ILLUSTRATIONS
© ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD 1988
(except Chapters 3 and 12)
© CENTRAL ELECTRICITY GENERATING BOARD---Chapter 8
© CROWN COPYRIGHT-Chapter 22
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988
British Library Cataloguing in Pub6catioD Data
Assessment of crop loss from air polIutants.
1. Crops. Effects of pollutants of atmosphere
I. Heck, Walter W. II. Taylor, O. Clifton.
III. Tingey, David T. IV. National Crop
Loss Assessment Network
632'.19
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7109-3 e-ISBN-I3: 978-94-009-1367-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1367-7
Library of CODgress Cataloging in Pub6catioD Data
Assessment of crop loss from air pollutants: proceedings of an
international conference. Raleigh, NC, October 25-29, 1987/edited
by Walter W. Heck, O. Clifton Taylor, David T. Tingey.
p. cm.
"Organized by the Research Management Committee of the National
Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR."
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Plants, Effect of air pollution on-Congresses. 2. Crops
losses---Congresses. I. Heck, Walter Webb, 1926- . II. Taylor,
O. C. (Oliver Clifton), 1918- . III. Tingey, David T.
IV. National Crop Loss Assessment Network (U.S.). Research
Management Committee. V. Corvallis Environmental Research
Laboratory.
SB745.A88 1988
338.1'~c 19 88-16980
CIP
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PREFACE
During late 1985, the Research Management Committee (RMC) of the
National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) decided the most ap
propriate way to bring the NCLAN program to a successful conclusion was to
hold an international conference. It was envisaged as an opportunity to present
an overview of results from the NCLAN program and as a chance to view the
results in the context of ongoing research by members of the international
community. * Although we wanted the Conference to have an assessment
orientation, it was also intended for the Conference to focus on current
state-of-knowledge. The Conference was designed to overview the needs of
crop loss assessment, current approaches to assessment, progress in the
development of predictive models, the use of the information for economic
predictions, and the application of the data in policy decisions. Every effort
was made to assure a broad representation of ideas.
The Conference program was developed to evaluate major issues that
address regional/national assessments of impacts of atmospheric pollutants on
agricultural production. Sessions were structured to address specific issues by
invited speakers, and by contributed papers and posters. First, background
needs for doing loss assessment research including specific approaches and a
rather detailed review of the NCLAN program were addressed (Session I).
Session II addressed the needs for defining the exposure environment (e.g.
extrapolating to regional concentrations and exposure characterization). Field
approaches for determining crop loss were reviewed in Session III. Session IV
addressed the importance of an understanding of the physiological processes in
• This volume includes a list of NCLAN publications published or in press by March 1988.
v
vi Preface
assessment programs for use in process oriented models. Session V acknow
ledged a lack of basic understanding of the importance of pollutant mixtures
on crop response, and on information relating to how abiotic and biotic factors
affect the response of crops to gaseous pollutants. Session VI highlighted
statistical and process level modeling and their use in assessment programs.
Economic assessments and policy implications were addressed in Session VII.
Sessions II through VII included contributed papers and posters which
appear in a special issue of Environmental Pollution (Volume 53, 1988).
We developed and implemented a strong peer review process for invited
papers. The process was a cooperative venture between the session leaders and
the Conference Committee. Drafts were requested well before the Conference
so the general approach of each paper could be approved. The session
chairmen and co-chairmen who identified three peer reviewers, were respon
sible for collating and commenting on the reviews, and dealing with the
authors.
Two of the invited papers were not submitted due to time constraints on the
original authors. To maintain the integrity of this volume, we included
information relative to the subject matter of these two papers. We appreciate
Thomas J. Moser and co-authors permitting us to include their contributed
paper as Chapter 14 in this volume and Adams and Crocker (Chapter 19), who
were asked at a late date to develop a short paper on model requirements for
an economic evaluation. We realize these papers do not fully address the
original intent of the invited papers but they do cover primary ingredients of
the original themes.
The thirty international attendees represented 15 countries. Participation
from the European Community reflected their interest in European assessment
activities. The Conference reflected current concepts associated with assess
ment efforts within the scientific community.
The session chairmen and co-chairmen represent a cross section of interna
tional research workers in the field. We recognize the importance of these
individuals in the organization of the Conference, their willingness to spend
time coordinating the peer review process, the excellent job they did in
moderating their sessions, and their overall support. In appreciation of their
tireless efforts, we recognize:
Session I: The Need for Crop Loss Richard M. Adams, Chairman
Assessment
Session II: Meteorology, Bruce B. Hicks, Chairman
Atmospheric Chemistry and Allen S. Lefohn, Co-Chairman
Regional Monitoring
Extrapolation
Session III: Yield Assessment Michael H. Unsworth, Chairman
Using Field Approaches for Howard E. Heggestad, Co-Chairman
Measuring Crop Loss
Session IV: The Value of David T. Tingey, Chairman
Physiological Understanding in Robert G. Admundson, Co-Chairman
Crop Loss Assessment
Preface vii
Session V: Abiotic and Biotic Leonard H. Weinstein, Chairman
Interactive Stress Factors Richard A. Reinert, Co-Chairman
Session VI: Statistical and Victor C. Runeckles, Chairman
Simulated Modeling Eric M. Preston, Co-Chairman
Approaches
Session VII: Economic O. Clifton Taylor, Chairman
Considerations and Policy Patricia M. Irving, Co-Chairman
Implications
Poster Session Robert J. Kohut, Co-Chairman
Lance W. Kress, Co-Chairman
We thank all NCLAN participants for their unqualified support of the
Conference and all organizations which gave financial assistance.
Finally, we thank our spouses for patience beyond the call of duty.
Walter W. Heck
O. Clifton Taylor
David T. Tingey
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The success of the Conference was due to a large degree to the experience
and efficiency of our Conference Coordinator, Janet McFayden of North
Carolina State University. Janet's unfailing eye for detail as well as for the
long-term goals of the Conference are gratefully acknowledged by the
Conference Chairmen. Janet managed all details and problems at the
Conference with grace and poise and left us to enjoy the Conference and
interact with the participants. We also recognize the support of Clara Edwards,
Mable Bullock, Jody Castleberry, Ramona Logan, Debby Cross, and Jeanie
Hartman who carried out many of the details necessary to the successful
operation of the Conference and preparing the proceedings; Steve Vozzo
served as Conference photographer.
The Committee acknowledges the tireless effort of the editorial group at
Northrop Services under Helen Mathews, including Jaynie Allen, Janice
Braswell, Mike Clark, Linda Cooper, and Deborah Ussery-Baumrucker for
the excellent editorial work they did on both the early drafts of manuscripts
and on the final copy prior to sending to the publisher. These efforts have
improved the quality of all the manuscripts.
The Conference Chairmen appreciate the financial assistance from the US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the USDA's Agricultural
Research Service. Support was also provided by North Carolina State
University, Carolina Power and Light Company, Southern California Edison
Company, and the Air Pollution Control Association.
The following organizations supported a Trade Exhibition during the
Conference; we appreciate their support:
Raleigh Valve and Fitting Company, Raleigh, NC, USA
Elsevier Applied Science, Ltd, London, UK
ix
x Acknowledgements
Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Thermo Environmental Instruments Company, Franklin, MA, USA
We also acknowledge the close working relationship we have had with
Elsevier Applied Science and their help and encouragement in the preparation
of this publication.
The use of trade names in any paper within this volume does not imply
endorsement by any of the funding sources of the products named, nor
criticism of similar ones not mentioned.
All papers included in this volume meet the EPA peer review requirements
of three reviews in addition to the editorial reviews. We recognize the
contributions of those who peer reviewed the papers for this publication. The
volume has not been subjected to EPA review and therefore does not
necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and no official endorsement should
be inferred.
CONTENTS
Preface ..... v
Acknowledgements IX
Introduction . . . 1
RAYMOND G. WILHOUR (USA)
I. THE NEED FOR CROP LOSS ASSESSMENT
1. Crop Assessment: International Needs and Opportunities 9
DONALD A. HOLT (USA)
2. Research Approaches to Pollutant Crop Loss Functions . 27
D. P. ORMROD, B. A. MARIE and o. B. ALLEN (Canada)
3. The NCLAN Program for Crop Loss Assessment. . . . . . . 45
ERIC M. PRESTON and DAVID T. TINGEY (USA)
II. METEOROLOGY, ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND
REGIONAL MONITORING-EXTRAPOLAn ON
4. Meteorology-Atmospheric Chemistry and Long-range Transport. 65
A. PAUL ALTSHULLER (USA)
5. The Use of Geostatistics to Characterize Regional Ozone Exposures 91
H. PETER KNUDSEN and ALLEN S. LEFOHN (USA)
xi