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Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 Contents contents List of Tables xvi List of Forms xviii List of Figures xx Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiv PART I PREPARATORY CONSIDERATIONS 1 Chapter 1 Foundations of Assessment 3 Overview of Assessment 4 Psychometric Principles 5 Validity 5 Reliability 6 Standardization 7 Assessment Methods 7 Norm-Referenced Tests 7 Criterion-Referenced Tests 9 Authentic Assessment Approach 10 Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education 11 Code of Ethics for Speech-Language Pathologists 14 Concluding Comments 14 Sources of Additional Information 15 Chapter 1 Forms 17 Appendix 1-A ASHA Code of Ethics 21 Chapter 2 Multicultural Considerations 25 Preassessment Knowledge 26 Know the Culture of the Client 26 Know the History of the Client 29 Know the Normal Communicative Patterns of the Client’s Dominant Language 29 Normal Patterns of Second Language Acquisition 30 Planning and Completing the Assessment 30 Making a Diagnosis 32 Working with Interpreters 34 Concluding Comments 35 Sources of Additional Information 35 v vi Contents Chapter 2 Forms 37 Appendix 2-A Speech and Language Characteristics of African American English 44 Appendix 2-B Speech and Language Characteristics of Spanish 51 Appendix 2-C Speech and Language Characteristics of Asian Languages 60 PART II O BTAINING, INTERPRETING, AND REPORTING ASSESSMENT INFORMATION 63 Chapter 3 Obtaining Preassessment Information 65 Written Case Histories 66 Allergy Awareness 67 Information-Getting Interviews 67 Questions Common to Various Communicative Disorders 68 Questions Common to Specifi c Communicative Disorders 69 Information From Other Professionals 72 Conculuding Comments 73 Sources of Additional Information 74 Chapter 3 Forms 75 Appendix 3-A Sample Release of Information 88 Appendix 3-B Sample Request for Information 89 Appendix 3-C Sample Referral for Medical Evaluation 90 Chapter 4 Evaluating Preassessment Information 91 Speech, Language, and Motor Development 92 0–6 Months 92 7–12 Months 93 13–18 Months 94 19–24 Months 94 2–3 Years 95 3–4 Years 96 4–5 Years 97 5–6 Years 98 6–7 Years 99 Medical Conditions Associated with Communicative Disorders 100 Adenoidectomy 100 Allergies 100 Asthma 101 Cerebrovascular Accident 101 Chickenpox (Varicella) 101 Colds 101 Contents vii Convulsions 102 Croup 102 Dizziness 102 Draining Ear 102 Encephalitis 103 Flu 103 German Measles (Rubella) 103 Headaches 104 High Fever 104 Human Immunodefi ciency Virus (HIV) 104 Infl uenza (Flu) 104 Mastoiditis 105 Measles (Rubeola) 105 Ménière’s Disease 105 Meningitis 106 Mumps 106 Otitis Media 106 Parkinson’s Disease 107 Pneumonia (Pneumonitis) 107 Rubella 108 Rubeola 108 Seizures 108 Sinusitis 108 Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident) 109 Tinnitus 109 Tonsilitis 109 Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) 110 Syndromes Associated with Communicative Disorders 110 Acquired Immunodefi ciency Syndrome (AIDS) 111 Alport’s Syndrome 111 Apert’s Syndrome 111 Asperger’s Syndrome 112 Brachman-de Lange Syndrome 112 Branchio-Oto-Renal (BOR) Syndrome 112 Cornella de Lange Syndrome 113 Cri du Chat Syndrome 113 Crouzon Disease 113 de Lange Syndrome 114 Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21 Syndrome) 114 Electrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting Syndrome (EEC Syndrome) 114 Facio-Auriculo-Verterbral Spectrum 115 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) 115 First and Second Branchial Arch Syndrome 115 Fragile X Syndrome 115 Goldenhar Syndrome 116 Hemifacial Microsomia 116 viii Contents Hunter Syndrome 116 Hurler Syndrome 116 Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome 116 Moebius Syndrome 116 Mohr Syndrome 117 Morquio Syndrome 117 Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) Syndromes (Including Hurler, Scheie, Hunter, Sanfi lippo, Morquio, Maroteaux-Lamy, and Sly Syndromes) 117 Neurofi bromatosis Type 2 (NF-2) 117 Noonan Syndrome 118 Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Dysplagia 118 Orofaciodigital Syndromes (Including Mohr Syndrome) 118 Oto-Palatal-Digital (OPD) Syndrome (Taybi Syndrome or Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome) 119 Pendred Syndrome 119 Pierre Robin Sequence (or Syndrome) 119 Prader-Willi Syndrome 120 Refsum Disease 120 Reye’s Syndrome 120 Robin Sequence (or Syndrome) 121 Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome 121 Sanifi lippo Syndrome 121 Scheie Syndrome 121 Shprintzen Syndrome (VCFS) 121 Sly Syndrome 121 Stickler Syndrome 121 Taybi Syndrome 122 Treacher Collins Syndrome 122 Townes-Brocks Syndrome (TBS) 122 Trisomy 21 Syndrome 123 Turner Syndrome 123 Usher Syndrome 123 Van der Woude Syndrome 124 Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome (VCFS) 124 Waardenburg Syndrome 125 XO Syndrome 125 Standard Medical Abbreviations 125 Concluding Comments 127 Sources of Additional Information 127 Speech, Language, and Motor Development 127 Medical Conditions, Syndromes, and Abbreviations 128 Contents ix Chapter 5 Reporting Assessment Findings 129 Information-Giving Interviews 130 Opening Phase 130 Body of the Interview 130 Closing Phase 130 Illustations to Use When Conveying Information 131 Writing Assessment Reports 135 Identifying Information 135 Overview/Background/Presenting Complaint/Initial Status 135 Histories 135 Assessment Information 135 Dysphagia 136 Oral-facial Examination 136 Hearing 137 Summary 137 Recommendations 137 Speech-Language Pathologist’s Name and Signature 137 Clinical Correspondence 138 Writing SOAP Notes 138 Sample SOAP Note 139 Concluding Comments 139 Sources of Additional Information 140 Interviewing 140 Writing 140 Appendix 5-A Sample Clinical Reports 141 Appendix 5-B Sample Release of Information Form 150 Appendix 5-C Sample Clinical Correspondences 151 PART III RESOURCES FOR ASSESSING COMMUNICATIVE DISORDERS 155 Chapter 6 Assessment Procedures Common to Most Communicative Disorders 157 Oral-Facial Examination 158 Interpreting the Oral-Facial Examination 159 Assessing Diadochokinesis (DDK) 161 Speech and Language Sampling 161 Conversation Starters for Eliciting a Speech-Language Sample 162 Pictures 163 Narratives 163 Evaluating Rate of Speech 176 Determining Speech Rate 176 Determining Intelligibility 177 Syllable-by-Syllable Stimulus Phrases 179 Reading Passages 182