ebook img

Assessing Sustainability PDF

60 Pages·2002·0.88 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Assessing Sustainability

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND Assessing Sustainability Prepared by the Policy Development and Review Department In consultation with the Fiscal Affairs, International Capital Markets, Monetary and Exchange Affairs, and Research Departments Approved by Timothy Geithner May 28, 2002 Contents Page I. Introduction..............................................................................................................................3 II. Analytical Background.............................................................................................................4 III. Existing Work in the Fund.......................................................................................................7 A. External Sustainability..................................................................................................7 Medium-term current account and balance of payments projections.......................8 Current account and exchange rate assessments..................................................12 B. Fiscal Sustainability....................................................................................................13 Fiscal indicators .................................................................................................13 Medium-term fiscal projections...........................................................................16 C. Financial Sector Stability............................................................................................23 D. Conclusions...............................................................................................................25 IV. A Proposed Framework ......................................................................................................25 V. Conclusions and Next Steps ..................................................................................................39 Text Tables 1. Medium-Term Frameworks—BOP Information in Board Documents for the EMBI Global Emerging Market Countries........................................................................................9 2. Medium-Term Frameworks—Fiscal Information in Board Documents for the EMBI Global Emerging Market Countries......................................................................................16 3. External Sustainability Framework........................................................................................28 - 1 - 3XEOLF6HFWRU'HEW6XVWDLQDELOLW\)UDPHZRUN ([WHUQDO6XVWDLQDELOLW\)UDPHZRUN$SSOLHGWR7XUNH\ ([WHUQDO6XVWDLQDELOLW\)UDPHZRUN$SSOLHGWR$UJHQWLQD )LJXUHV 3URMHFWLRQVRI3XEOLF'HEWWR*'35DWLR6HOHFWHG(PHUJLQJ0DUNHW&RXQWULHV 3URMHFWLRQVRI3XEOLF'HEWWR*'35DWLR6HOHFWHG(PHUJLQJ0DUNHW&RXQWULHV 7H[W%R[HV %R[6ROYHQF\/LTXLGLW\6XVWDLQDELOLW\9XOQHUDELOLW\²'HILQLQJWKH&RQFHSWV %R['HEW6XVWDLQDELOLW\LQWKH%DOWLFV5XVVLDDQG2WKHU6WDWHVRIWKH)68 %R['DWD'HILFLHQFLHVLQ8QGHUWDNLQJ)LVFDO6XVWDLQDELOLW\$QDO\VHV %R[*RRG3UDFWLFHVIRU5HDOLVWLF)LVFDO6XVWDLQDELOLW\$VVHVVPHQWV %R[&DOLEUDWLQJWKH6HQVLWLYLW\7HVWV $SSHQGL[,$VVHVVLQJ([WHUQDO'HEW6XVWDLQDELOLW\$Q,QGLFDWLYH7KUHVKROG$SSURDFK $SSHQGL[,,%HVW3UDFWLFHVIRU9XOQHUDELOLW\,QGLFDWRUV ,,1752'8&7,21 $VVHVVPHQWVRIH[WHUQDODQGILVFDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\DUHDNH\HOHPHQWLQWKH)XQG¶VZRUN RQPHPEHUFRXQWULHV7KH)XQG¶VDGYLFHRQPDFURHFRQRPLFSROLFLHVERWKLQWKHFRQWH[WRI )XQGVXSSRUWHGSURJUDPVDQG$UWLFOH,9VXUYHLOODQFHLVLQIRUPHGE\DYLHZRIWKH VXVWDLQDELOLW\RIWKHFRXQWU\¶VH[WHUQDOGHEWDQGLWVSXEOLFGHEW-XGJPHQWVDERXWGHEW VXVWDLQDELOLW\²ZKHWKHUDFRXQWU\¶VGHEWFDQEHVHUYLFHGZLWKRXWDQXQUHDOLVWLFDOO\ODUJH IXWXUHFRUUHFWLRQLQWKHEDODQFHRILQFRPHDQGH[SHQGLWXUH²XQGHUSLQWKH)XQG¶VGHFLVLRQVLQ SURJUDPFRQWH[WVLQSDUWLFXODUE\KHOSLQJWRGHWHUPLQHZKHQILQDQFLQJLVDSSURSULDWHZKDW PLJKWEHDVHQVLEOHOHYHORIDFFHVVDQGZKHWKHUDGHEWUHVWUXFWXULQJPD\EHQHHGHG7KHVH MXGJPHQWVEHFRPHSDUWLFXODUO\FUXFLDO²DQGLQPDQ\FDVHVSDUWLFXODUO\ILQHO\EDODQFHG²LQ FDVHVRIHPHUJLQJPDUNHWHFRQRPLHVWKDWDUHKLJKO\LQWHJUDWHGLQWRJOREDOFDSLWDOPDUNHWVDQG PD\KDYHODUJHILQDQFLQJQHHGV $VVHVVLQJVXVWDLQDELOLW\LQWKHILUVWLQVWDQFHPHDQVIRUPLQJDYLHZRIKRZ RXWVWDQGLQJVWRFNVRIOLDELOLWLHVDUHOLNHO\WRHYROYHRYHUWLPH7KLVUHTXLUHVSURMHFWLQJWKH IORZVRIUHYHQXHVDQGH[SHQGLWXUHV²LQFOXGLQJWKRVHIRUVHUYLFLQJGHEW²DVZHOODVH[FKDQJH UDWHFKDQJHVJLYHQWKHFXUUHQF\GHQRPLQDWLRQRIWKHGHEW3URMHFWLRQVRIWKHGHEWG\QDPLFV WKXVGHSHQGLQWXUQRQPDFURHFRQRPLFDQGILQDQFLDOPDUNHWGHYHORSPHQWVZKLFKDUH LQWULQVLFDOO\XQFHUWDLQDQGKLJKO\YDULDEOH+HUHDNH\IDFWRULVWKHPDUNHWV¶ZLOOLQJQHVVWR SURYLGHILQDQFLQJZKLFKGHWHUPLQHVWKHFRVWVRIUROOLQJRYHUGHEW6XFKSURMHFWLRQVDOVR IUHTXHQWO\LQFRUSRUDWHMXGJPHQWVEDVHGRQKLVWRULFDODQGFURVVFRXQWU\H[SHULHQFHRIZKDW DGMXVWPHQWLVSROLWLFDOO\DQGVRFLDOO\IHDVLEOH7KH\DOVRGHSHQGLPSRUWDQWO\RQWKHH[FKDQJH UDWHUHJLPH²ERWKEHFDXVHWKHH[LVWLQJUHJLPHDIIHFWVWKHYDULDELOLW\RIH[FKDQJHUDWHVDQG EHFDXVHDFKDQJHLQUHJLPHLVDOZD\VSRVVLEOH$QRWKHUFRPSOLFDWLRQLVWKDWWKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\ RIDFRXQWU\¶VH[WHUQDOGHEWGHSHQGVRQWKHEDODQFHVKHHWVDQGUHYHQXHH[SHQGLWXUHEDODQFHV RIVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQWVHFWRUV²WKHJRYHUQPHQWWKHEDQNLQJV\VWHPDQGWKHFRUSRUDWHDQG KRXVHKROGVHFWRUV²ZKLFKDUHDOVROLQNHGZLWKRQHDQRWKHUE\DFWXDODQGFRQWLQJHQW OLDELOLWLHV7KHVHIDFWRUVVKRXOGEHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRDVVHVVPHQWVRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\LQVRIDUDV WKLVLVIHDVLEOHJLYHQWKHDYDLODELOLW\RILQIRUPDWLRQ $QXPEHURIDVSHFWVRIWKH)XQG¶VH[LVWLQJZRUNDUHUHOHYDQWWRDVVHVVLQJ VXVWDLQDELOLW\0HGLXPWHUPSURMHFWLRQVRIWKHEDODQFHRISD\PHQWVDQGRIILVFDO GHYHORSPHQWVDUHDVWDSOHRIWKH)XQG¶VZRUNRQPHPEHUFRXQWULHVSDUWLFXODUO\LQDSURJUDP VHWWLQJ7KHVWDIIKDVDOVRGHYHORSHGDVHWRIWRROVIRUH[SORULQJPHGLXPWHUPFXUUHQWDFFRXQW DQGUHDOH[FKDQJHUDWHVXVWDLQDELOLW\6XFKMXGJPHQWVKDYHSRWHQWLDOO\LPSRUWDQWEHDULQJRQ DVVHVVPHQWVRIGHEWVXVWDLQDELOLW\QRWDEO\ZKHQWKHUHLVVLJQLILFDQWIRUHLJQFXUUHQF\ GHQRPLQDWHGGHEW)LQDQFLDOVHFWRUVWDELOLW\DVVHVVPHQWVZKLFKKDYHUHFHQWO\EHHQDGGHGWR WKH)XQG¶VWRRONLWWRKHOSLGHQWLI\WKHYXOQHUDELOLW\RIWKHILQDQFLDOVHFWRUWRYDULRXVVKRFNV PD\KDYHLPSRUWDQWLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHFRQWLQJHQWFODLPVRQWKHJRYHUQPHQW%XWZKLOHDOO WKHVHHOHPHQWVDUHSUHVHQWLQWKH)XQG¶VZRUNWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQKDVQRWEHHQVXIILFLHQWO\ FRQVLVWHQWDQGGLVFLSOLQHGWRDOZD\VHQVXUHWKHFUHGLELOLW\RIWKH)XQG¶VRYHUDOODVVHVVPHQWRI VXVWDLQDELOLW\ 7KLVSDSHUSURSRVHVDIUDPHZRUNWKDWEXLOGVRQH[LVWLQJEHVWSUDFWLFHVLQWKH DVVHVVPHQWRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\7KHREMHFWRIWKLVH[HUFLVHLVERWKWRVWUHQJWKHQWKHHOHPHQWV WKDWJRLQWRDVVHVVLQJVXVWDLQDELOLW\DQGWRSXWWKHVHHOHPHQWVLQWRDFRPPRQIUDPHZRUN 7KHSURSRVHGIUDPHZRUNIRUDVVHVVLQJERWKILVFDODQGH[WHUQDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\FHQWHUV RQWKHVWDII¶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²VROYHQF\RUOLTXLGLW\²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²'HILQLQJWKH&RQFHSWV 7KHUHDUHDQXPEHURIUHODWHGFRQFHSWVXVHGLQWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIGHEWG\QDPLFV 6ROYHQF\$QHQWLW\LVVROYHQWLIWKHSUHVHQWGLVFRXQWHGYDOXH3'9RILWVFXUUHQWDQGIXWXUH SULPDU\H[SHQGLWXUHLVQRJUHDWHUWKDQWKH3'9RILWVFXUUHQWDQGIXWXUHSDWKRILQFRPHQHW RIDQ\LQLWLDOLQGHEWHGQHVV ∞ ∞ (W +L <W +L ∑ L ≤ ∑ L −+ UW'W− L= L= ∏+ UW + M ∏+ UW + M M = M = $VGLVFXVVHGLQWKHWH[WVROYHQF\QHHGVWREHYLHZHGLQUHODWLRQWRWKHDGMXVWPHQWSDWKWKDWLVQRWRQO\ HFRQRPLFDOO\IHDVLEOHEXWDOVRVRFLDOO\DQGSROLWLFDOO\DFFHSWDEOHVXFKWKDWGHIDXOWLVQRWDSUHIHUUHG RSWLRQ /LTXLGLW\$QHQWLW\LVLOOLTXLGLIUHJDUGOHVVRIZKHWKHULWVDWLVILHVWKHVROYHQF\FRQGLWLRQLWVOLTXLG DVVHWVDQGDYDLODEOHILQDQFLQJDUHLQVXIILFLHQWWRPHHWRUUROORYHULWVPDWXULQJOLDELOLWLHV 7KHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQVROYHQF\DQGOLTXLGLW\LVVRPHWLPHVEOXUUHGEHFDXVHLOOLTXLGLW\PD\EH PDQLIHVWHGLQULVLQJLQWHUHVWUDWHV²LQWKHOLPLWLQJFDVHWKDWQRIXUWKHUILQDQFLQJLVDYDLODEOHWKH PDUJLQDOLQWHUHVWUDWHEHFRPHVLQILQLWH²ZKLFKHYHQWXDOO\FDOOVLQWRTXHVWLRQWKHHQWLW\¶VVROYHQF\ $FFRUGLQJO\LWLVXVHIXOWRGHILQH 6XVWDLQDELOLW\$QHQWLW\¶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²VXFKDVGHPRJUDSKLFFKDQJHV WKDWLPSRVHDULVLQJEXUGHQRQXQIXQGHGVRFLDOVHFXULW\V\VWHPV²RUWKDWDUHXQIRUHVHHQ $VVHVVPHQWVRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\DUHWKXVLQKHUHQWO\SUREDELOLVWLFDQGQRIUDPHZRUNFDQ GLVSHQVHZLWKWKHQHHGIRUPDNLQJMXGJPHQWVDWEHVWLWFDQKHOSLQIRUPVXFKMXGJPHQWV :KDWFRQVWLWXWHVD³PDMRUFRUUHFWLRQ´PD\GHSHQGYHU\PXFKRQWKHSDUWLFXODUKLVWRU\DQG FLUFXPVWDQFHVRIWKHFRXQWU\ $SDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWVRXUFHRIXQFHUWDLQW\VXUURXQGLQJSURMHFWLRQVRIGHEWDQG GHEWVHUYLFHLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKFRQWLQJHQWFODLPV²VXFKDVWKRVHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKHLWKHU H[SOLFLWRULPSOLFLWJXDUDQWHHVRIGHEWRUEDQNGHSRVLWV0DQ\FRQWLQJHQWFODLPVE\WKHLU QDWXUHSDVVXQQRWLFHGLQQRUPDOWLPHVEXWDUHPRUHOLNHO\WREHH[HUFLVHGLQFULVHV,QGHHG VXFKFODLPVKDYHEHHQDNH\IHDWXUHLQUHFHQWHPHUJLQJPDUNHWFULVHVLQZKLFKGHIDXOWVLQ RQHVHFWRUKDYHVSLOOHGRYHUWRRWKHUV%XWFRQWLQJHQWFODLPVDUHH[FHHGLQJO\GLIILFXOWWR PHDVXUHLQSUDFWLFHERWKEHFDXVHDPRXQWVVXEMHFWWRVXFKFODLPVDUHRIWHQXQNQRZQDQG EHFDXVHWKHWHUPVRIWKHFODLPV²WKHSUHFLVHFLUFXPVWDQFHVXQGHUZKLFKWKH\ZRXOGWXUQLQWR DFWXDOOLDELOLWLHV²DUHRIWHQXQNQRZDEOH $VHFRQGULVNLVDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHFRVWRIILQDQFLQJ6XFKLQFUHDVHVPD\UHIOHFW JHQHUDOGHYHORSPHQWVLQWKHILQDQFLDOPDUNHWV²LQFOXGLQJSRVVLEOHFRQWDJLRQHIIHFWV²RU IXQGLQJGLIILFXOWLHVVSHFLILFWRWKHFRXQWU\LQTXHVWLRQ,QWKHOLPLWLQJFDVHLQZKLFKQR ILQDQFLQJLVDYDLODEOHWKHHIIHFWLYHPDUJLQDOLQWHUHVWUDWHLVLQILQLWH,QFUHDVHVLQWKHFRVWRI ILQDQFLQJPD\WKXVWKUHDWHQVXVWDLQDELOLW\LQWZRZD\V²E\SUHFLSLWDWLQJDOLTXLGLW\FULVLVLI WKHFRXQWU\LVXQDEOHWRUROORYHULWVPDWXULQJREOLJDWLRQVRULIWKHLQFUHDVHLQLQWHUHVWUDWHVLV VXIILFLHQWO\SHUVLVWHQWE\FDOOLQJLQWRTXHVWLRQWKHORQJWHUPVROYHQF\RIWKHERUURZHU $WKLUGULVNLVWKDWDVKDUSFKDQJHLQDVVHWSULFHVZLOOLQFUHDVHWKHQHWOLDELOLW\SRVLWLRQ RIWKHERUURZHUWRDQXQVXVWDLQDEOHOHYHO7KHPRVWREYLRXVH[DPSOHLVDGHSUHFLDWLRQRIWKH UHDOH[FKDQJHUDWH²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¶VZRUND QXPEHURIWRROVDUHDOUHDG\LQXVHWRDVVHVVLW,QJHQHUDOWKHUHDUHWKUHHDVSHFWVRI VXVWDLQDELOLW\WKDWDUHDQDO\]HGLQWKHFRXUVHRIWKH)XQG¶VZRUNRYHUDOOH[WHUQDO VXVWDLQDELOLW\ILVFDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\DQGILQDQFLDOVHFWRUVWDELOLW\7KHVXVWDLQDELOLW\RI FRUSRUDWHRUHYHQKRXVHKROGGHEWLVDOVRVWXGLHGDVSDUWRIWKH)XQG¶VDQDO\VLVRIWKHILQDQFLDO VHFWRULQFDVHVZKHUHWKLVLVVHHQDVUHOHYDQW EXWLWLVQRWDVWDQGDUGSDUWRIWKH)XQG¶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²MXGJPHQWVDERXW ZKHWKHUWKHFXUUHQWDFFRXQWFDQEHILQDQFHGWKURXJKSULYDWHDQGRIILFLDOFDSLWDOIORZV SURMHFWLRQVRIWKHPHGLXPWHUPEDODQFHRISD\PHQWVDQGWKHDVVRFLDWHGGHEWRUQHWIRUHLJQ OLDELOLWLHVG\QDPLFVDQGDVVHVVPHQWVDERXWWKHDSSURSULDWHOHYHORIWKHH[FKDQJHUDWH²WKDW DUHFOHDUO\UHODWHGWKURXJKYDULRXVVWRFNIORZDQGWUDGHHODVWLFLW\UHODWLRQVKLSV([LVWLQJZRUN DWWKH)XQGZKHWKHULQDSURJUDPRUVXUYHLOODQFHFRQWH[WWRXFKHVXSRQHDFKRIWKHVH GLPHQVLRQVZKLOHHPSKDVL]LQJWKRVHDVSHFWVWKDWDUHSDUWLFXODUO\UHOHYDQWWRWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ 6HH,0)6XSSRUWHG3URJUDPVLQ&DSLWDO$FFRXQW&ULVHV2FFDVLRQDO3DSHUDQG ³%DODQFH6KHHW$SSURDFKWR$VVHVVLQJ9XOQHUDELOLW\WR&ULVHVDQG3ROLF\5HVSRQVHV´ IRUWKFRPLQJ $VRQHLOOXVWUDWLRQHDUO\DVVHVVPHQWVRI-DSDQ¶VEDQNLQJFULVLVDQDO\]HGWKHKRXVHKROG VHFWRU¶VPRUWJDJHH[SRVXUHVLQUHODWLRQWRGHYHORSPHQWVLQKRXVLQJSULFHV6HH,QWHUQDWLRQDO &DSLWDO0DUNHWV3DUW,,6\VWHPLF,VVXHVLQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO)LQDQFH$XJXVW DWKDQG,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHVWDQGDUGLQGLFDWRUVRIGHEWDQGGHEWVHUYLFH WKHPDLQWRROVDUH PHGLXPWHUPEDODQFHRISD\PHQWVSURMHFWLRQVDQGEHQFKPDUNVIRUDVVHVVLQJPHGLXPWHUP FXUUHQWDFFRXQWSURMHFWLRQV(DFKRIWKHVHZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGEULHIO\LQWXUQ 0HGLXPWHUPFXUUHQWDFFRXQWDQGEDODQFHRISD\PHQWVSURMHFWLRQV 0HGLXPWHUPEDODQFHRISD\PHQWVSURMHFWLRQVDUHDVWDQGDUGWRROXVHGLQWHUDOLDWR DVVHVVDPHPEHU¶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²VHUYLQJDWWKHVDPHWLPHWRWUDFHWKH LPSOLFDWLRQVRIDSDUWLFXODUVHWRISROLFLHVDQGWRSUHVHQWWKH)XQGVWDII¶VHFRQRPLFIRUHFDVW 7RWKHH[WHQWWKDWWKHPHGLXPWHUPVFHQDULRVDUHEDVHGRQVW\OL]HGDVVXPSWLRQV²VXFKDV FRQVWDQWQRPLQDOHIIHFWLYHH[FKDQJHUDWHV²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³SULPDU\´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³]HURRSWLRQ´ )XQGVWDIIDVFRQVWUXFWLQJGHOLEHUDWHO\SHVVLPLVWLFVFHQDULRVLQRUGHUWRSHUVXDGHWKH DXWKRULWLHVWRXQGHUWDNHJUHDWHUDGMXVWPHQW7KHRQO\V\VWHPDWLFHPSLULFDOVWXG\RISURJUDP QXPEHUVILQGVDPHGLDQELDVLQ*'3JURZWKSURMHFWLRQVRISHUFHQW²VXJJHVWLQJWKDW WKHVHWHQGHQFLHVLIWKH\H[LVWDUHVXUSULVLQJO\ZHOOEDODQFHGIRUSURJUDPFRXQWULHVDVD ZKROH%XWWKHVDPHVWXG\ILQGVDVLJQLILFDQWELDVWRZDUGRSWLPLVPIRUWKHVXEVDPSOHRI

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.