Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis / Elspeth RM Dusinberre PDF
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Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis ELSPETH R. M. DUSINBERRE University of Colorado, Boulder published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge ThePittBuilding,TrumpingtonStreet,Cambridgecb21rp,UnitedKingdom cambridge university press TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,UK 40West20thStreet,NewYork,ny10011--4211,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia RuizdeAlarco´n13,28014Madrid,Spain DockHouse,TheWaterfront,CapeTown8001,SouthAfrica http://www.cambridge.org (cid:1)C ElspethR.M.Dusinberre2003 Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2003 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge TypefacesSwift9.5/13pt.andFrutiger SystemLATEX2ε [tb] AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationData Dusinberre,ElspethR.M. AspectsofEmpireinAchaemenidSardis/ElspethR.M.Dusinberre. p. cm. Revisionoftheauthor’sthesis--UniversityofMichiganatAnnArbor,1997. Includesbibliographicalreferences. isbn0-521-81071-x 1.Sardis(Extinctcity)--History. 2.Achaemeniddynasty,559--330B.C. i.Title. ds156.s3d87 2002 939(cid:2).22--dc21 2002073452 isbn052181071xhardback Contents List of figures page viii Preface xiii List of abbreviations xv 1 Sardis in the Achaemenid empire 1 2 Textual sources and the effects of empire 31 3 The urban structure of Achaemenid Sardis: monuments and meaning 46 4 The urban structure of Achaemenid Sardis: sculpture and society 78 5 Inscriptions: Sardians in their own words 113 6 Mortuary evidence: dead and living societies 128 7 Personal signifiers: sealstones 158 8 Achaemenid bowls: ceramic assemblages and the non-elite 172 9 Conclusion: imperialism and Achaemenid Sardis 196 Appendix 1: Sculpture 218 Appendix 2: Datable inscriptions 228 Appendix 3: Mortuary remains 239 Appendix 4: Seals 264 Appendix 5: Achaemenid bowls 284 References 285 Index 315 vii Figures All images of Sardis are copyright the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/Harvard University. Fig.1 TheAchaemenidPersianempire.Author’sdrawing. page2 Fig.2 TheAchaemenidroadsystem.Author’sdrawing,afterGraf(1994)and French(1998). 3 Fig.3 Darius’reliefatBisitun.CourtesyGermanArchaeologicalInstitute. 6 Fig.4 Sardis:masterurbanplan. 12 Fig.5 Sardis:acropolis.82.102:14A. 17 Fig.6 Sardis:necropolis.76.026:13. 17 Fig.7 Sardis:BinTepe.66:141:12A. 18 Fig.8 AchaemenidwesternAnatolia.Author’sdrawing. 19 Fig.9 Sardis:archaicfortificationsanddomesticstructures,schematicplan. 50 Fig.10 Sardis:fortificationwall(mudbrick).80.042:13. 51 Fig.11 Sardis:fortificationwall(stone).95.026:09. 52 Fig.12 Sardis:fortificationwall(cross-sectionathighway). 52 Fig.13 Sardis:fortificationwall(perspectivedrawing). 54 Fig.14 Sardis:fortificationwall(gate). 55 Fig.15 Sardis:Achaemenid-periodarchitecture. 56 Fig.16 Sardis:Artemisaltar.70.121:06. 61 Fig.17 Sardis:Artemisaltar(drawing). 62 Fig.18 PersepolisFortificationseal75,compositedrawingofimpression.Courtesy MarkB.GarrisonandMargaretCoolRoot. 64 Fig.19 Sardis:PaktolosNorthLydianlevel(plan). 65 Fig.20 Sardis:altarofKybele. 66 Fig.21 Sardis:PNapsidalstructure.60.079:15. 70 Fig.22 Sardis:acropoliswall.68.112:33. 74 Fig.23 Persepolis:audiencescenefromtheTreasury.P.57121.Courtesyofthe OrientalInstituteoftheUniversityofChicago. 79 Fig.24 Persepolis:PalaceofDariusrelief.P.57761.CourtesyoftheOrientalInstitute oftheUniversityofChicago. 80 Fig.25 Persepolis:marblestatueofaGreekwoman.P.57180.Courtesyofthe OrientalInstituteoftheUniversityofChicago. 81 Fig.26 Naqsh-iRustam:DariusI’stomb.P.58560.CourtesyoftheOrientalInstitute oftheUniversityofChicago. 81 Fig.27 Persepolis:Ahuramazdasymbol.P.24975.CourtesyoftheOrientalInstituteof theUniversityofChicago. 83 Fig.28 Persepolis:Tachararelief.P.57718.CourtesyoftheOrientalInstituteofthe UniversityofChicago. 84 Fig.29 Persepolis:Apadanarelief.P.57527.CourtesyoftheOrientalInstituteofthe UniversityofChicago. 84 viii List of figures ix Fig.30 Persepolis:mastiffentrancestatue.P-1562B.CourtesyoftheOriental InstituteoftheUniversityofChicago. 85 Fig.31 Persepolis:columncapitals.Author’sdrawing,afterHerzfeld(1941). 85 Fig.32 Xanthos:relieffromBuildingG,BM313.C-2624.CourtesyoftheTrusteesof theBritishMuseum. 87 Fig.33 Xanthos:“satrap’’fromtheNereidMonument.PS220825.Courtesyofthe TrusteesoftheBritishMuseum. 88 Fig.34 Labraunda:sphinx.CourtesyPontusHellstro¨m. 89 Fig.35 Sardis:Pediment.78.024:20. 93 Fig.36 Sardis:funeraryrelief.77.076:22. 94 Fig.37 Sardis:anthemionofagravestele.73.022:03. 96 Fig.38 Sardis:koretorso.68.005:22. 98 Fig.39 Sardis:AmazonorArtemisuppertorso.59.056:20. 99 Fig.40 Sardis:Upperpartofunder-lifesizefemaletorso.75.055:32. 99 Fig.41 Sardis:partofframewithwalkinglion.71.093:22. 101 Fig.42 Sardis:addorsedlionss´ejant.71.052:31. 101 Fig.43 Sardis:lion’spaw.63.027:04. 102 Fig.44 Sardis:lion’srightfootonplinth.70.132:23. 102 Fig.45 Sardis:Kybeleshrine.63.112:19. 105 Fig.46 Sardis:stelewithArtemis,Kybele,andtwoworshipers.68.094:30. 106 Fig.47 Sardis:reliefofKybelewithlioninherlapandatherfeet.58.027:17. 107 Fig.48 Sardis:reliefoffrontalstandingdrapedfemalefigure.70.102:16A. 109 Fig.49 Sardis:stelewithveiledfrontalfemale.71.106:17. 110 Fig.50 Pasargadae:Cyrus’tomb.P20949.CourtesyoftheOrientalInstituteofthe UniversityofChicago. 137 Fig.51 Sardis:PyramidTomb. 140 Fig.52 Persepolis.Hundred-ColumnHall,relief.P56995.CourtesyoftheOriental InstituteoftheUniversityofChicago. 144 Fig.53 FromSardis:IAM4608.AfterCurtis(1925). 147 Fig.54 FromSardis:IAM4653.AfterCurtis(1925). 148 Fig.55 FromSardis:IAM4652.AfterCurtis(1925). 149 Fig.56 FromSardis:IAM4543.AfterCurtis(1925). 150 Fig.57 FromSardis:IAM4657.AfterCurtis(1925). 151 Fig.58 FromSardis:IAM4572.Author’sdrawing,afterOliver(1971). 152 Fig.59 FromSardis:IAM4581.CourtesyIstanbulArchaeologicalMuseum. 159 Fig.60 FromSardis:rosetteandlotusappliqu´es.AfterCurtis(1925). 160 Fig.61 Sardis:pre-AchaemenidLydianpots.84.69:11A-12. 173 Fig.62 Sardis:Achaemenid-periodpotsfromDeposit1.84.69:5. 173 Fig.63 Sardis:AchaemenidbowlsfromDeposit1.Author’sdrawing. 179 Fig.64 Sardis:AchaemenidbowlfromDeposit2.Author’sdrawing. 180 Fig.65 Sardis:AchaemenidbowlsfromDeposit3.Author’sdrawing. 181 Fig.66 Sardis:AchaemenidbowlsfromDeposit4.Author’sdrawing. 182 Fig.67 Sardis:AchaemenidbowlsfromDeposit5.Author’sdrawing. 182 Fig.68 Sardis:AchaemenidbowlsfromDeposit6.Author’sdrawing. 183 Fig.69 Sardis:AchaemenidbowlsfromDeposit7.Author’sdrawing. 183 Fig.70 Sardis:AchaemenidbowlsfromDeposit8.Author’sdrawing. 184 Fig.71 Sardis:horizontalflutingonanAchaemenidbowl(Deposit1.1).84.55:20. 186 Fig.72 Persepolis:Apadanastaircase,Lydiandelegation.P29002.Courtesyofthe OrientalInstituteoftheUniversityofChicago. 211 x List of figures Fig.73 FromSardis:IAM4636.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 265 Fig.74 FromSardis:IAM4637.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 265 Fig.75 FromSardis:IAM4585.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 265 Fig.76 FromSardis:IAM4634.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 266 Fig.77 FromSardis:IAM4520.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 266 Fig.78 FromSardis:IAM4632.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 267 Fig.79 FromSardis:IAM4639.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 267 Fig.80 FromSardis:IAM4581.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 268 Fig.81 FromSardis:IAM4580.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 268 Fig.82 FromSardis:IAM4521.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 269 Fig.83 FromSardis:IAM4641.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 270 Fig.84 FromSardis:IAM4528.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 270 Fig.85 FromSardis:IAM4578.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 271 Fig.86 FromSardis:IAM4525.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 272 Fig.87 FromSardis:IAM4642.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 273 Fig.88 FromSardis:IAM4579.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 274 Fig.89 FromSardis:IAM5134.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 275 Fig.90 FromSardis:IAM4589.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 275 Fig.91 FromSardis:IAM4591.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 276 Fig.92 FromSardis:IAM4527.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 277 Fig.93 FromSardis:IAM4523.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 278 Fig.94 FromSardis:IAM4524.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 278 Fig.95 FromSardis:IAM5133.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 279 Fig.96 FromSardis:IAM4570.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 279 Fig.97 FromSardis:IAM4519.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 280 List of figures xi Fig.98 FromSardis:IAM4635.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 280 Fig.99 FromSardis:IAM4518.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 281 Fig.100 FromSardis:IAM4640.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 281 Fig.101 FromSardis:IAM4522.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 282 Fig.102 FromSardis:IAM4590.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 282 Fig.103 FromSardis:IAM4643.ImpressionafterCurtis(1925);sealcourtesyIstanbul ArchaeologicalMuseum. 283 1 Sardis in the Achaemenid empire The Achaemenid Persian empire (c. 550--330 BC), founded by Cyrus II, centered on southwest Iran and lower Mesopotamia (fig.1).1 Under Darius I (521--486BC)itreacheditsgreatestextent,stretchingfromtheAegeanseato theIndusriver,fromEgypttothemoderncentralAsianRepublics.Although there were subsequent fluctuations in territorial control, there were no majorlossesapartfromEgypt(andthatforlessthansixtyyears).Theempire encompassed within its boundaries people of many different backgrounds, speaking diverse languages, worshiping multiple deities, living in tremen- douslyvariedenvironments,andpracticingwidelydifferingsocialcustoms. The Achaemenid dynasty was to devise a method of hegemony that would allowthesevariouspeoplestofunctionwithintheconfinesofthenewimpe- rialauthority,toconstructasystemofempireflexibleenoughtoprovidefor the needs of different peoples and ensure their ability to operate as part of thevastandcomplexsystemofthenewAchaemenidempire.2 Thisdetailed study of Sardis, a regional capital in western Anatolia, within its imperial context helps us understand the ways in which the new Achaemenid administrationworkedwithandwithinapre-existingsocietytoensurethe successful annexation of a region and its populace into the empire.3 Achaemenid administration was adapted to local needs and traditions, providing an effective system of government across the huge and varied empire.4 The royal capitals at the geographical heart of the empire, newly founded at Persepolis and Pasargadae and with new palaces built at the ancient cities of Babylon and Susa, were reflected and extended by re- gional capitals in the various administrative provinces, or satrapies, of the 1 Throughoutthiswork,Iuse“Persian”tosignifyonly“ethnic”Persians.“Achaemenid”refers notsomuchtoadiscretefamilylineofPersiansastotheideologicalumbrellacreatedbythe imperialhegemony.SeeRoot(1979). 2 This was clearly a matter of concern to the empire-builder Darius I: see Hdt. 3.38 for his interest in the differing attitudes of disparate peoples in the empire, and in Darius’own words,DB1.17--20,4.70,4.88--92,DNaesp.15--47,DNb(DBisDarius’textatBisitun;DNaand DNbareinscriptionsonhistombatNaqsh-iRustamnearPersepolis).Textsandtranslationsof thesedocumentsmaybefoundinKent(1953)andLecoq(1997);Lecoqrenumbersandreassigns someoftheOldPersianinscriptions,updatingKent’sedition.Forexamplesofmultilingualism practicedinofficialproclamations,see,e.g.,Tuplin(1987b). 3 ArecentstudyexploringsimilarissuesinacentralregionoftheempireisPotts(1999:ch.9). SeealsoHansman(1972). 4 ForasyntheticdiscussionofAchaemenidmanifestationsthroughouttheempire,withpartic- ularreferencetoworkdoneinthepastfiveyears,seeBriant(1997a). 1 2 aspects of empire in achaemenid sardis 80ºE 45ºN MEDIA Tigris Ekbatana LURISTAN 30ºN BabylonELAM 25ºN 25ºN Kargeh Elephantine 20ºN 15ºN 30ºE 35ºE 40ºE 50ºE 65ºE 75ºE Fig.1 The Achaemenid empire.5 In many cases, the new rulers continued using old centers of con- Persianempire. trol as administrative centers. These were generally strategically located for trade or warfare and already had in place administrative hierarchies or ap- paratuses appropriate for the area.6 The satrapal capitals functioned very much like the royal centers: provincial taxes, paid in kind and in precious metals, were collected and stored there before being redistributed to local garrisons and to others working for the government, or before being sent to the central imperial treasuries.7 The satraps, or governors, lived in elab- orate residences, often in palaces taken over from previous rulers; when the great king traveled through his empire, he would be housed in satra- pal palaces.8 The satraps kept archives of official correspondence as well as 5 See Kuhrt (1995a:690--701 and bibliography). For another empire faced with incorporating disparateregionsduringanexpansionistphase,see,e.g.,Gruen(1984a,1984b).Foranexample ofaregionalcapitalandthecomplexitiesof“center--periphery”models,seeInvernizzi(1996). 6 One well-documented example is the satrapy of Egypt: see Dandamaev and Lukonin (1989:103--104 and references); for a particular example of Egyptian practices maintained in theAchaemenidperiod,seeVerger(1964). 7 Fortaxes,see,e.g.,Potts(1999:320andreferences),Descat(1989),Koch(1989),Briant(1982). 8 Kuhrt(1995a:691). Sardis in the Achaemenid empire 3 Fig.2 The 0 250 500 750 1000km Achaemenidroad system. records of regional bureaucracy (petitions to the satrap, satrapal decrees, fooddisbursementstolocalworkersengagedinstateworkorpeopletravel- ing on account, etc.).9 The satrapal capitals were linked to the royal heart- land in southwest Iran (Fars) and to each other by an extensive network of roadswhichsupportedrapidtravel(fig.2):way-stationswerelocatedatone- day intervals where messengers traveling on official business could obtain food, drink, and fresh horses.10 Travel was monitored, and strategic points on the roads were guarded by armed soldiers. Achaemenid rulers were sympathetic to and supportive of local religious and social customs, often finding syncretic connections between various religions rather than imposing their own cults on unwilling indigenous peoples.11 This official approach led to striking diversity in the different regionsoftheempire:Achaemenid-periodsocietyandsystemsvariedwidely across the empire to accommodate already-existing local structures. 9 For satrapal archives, see Briant (1986:434--437); a copy of a royal decree kept in various capitalsisdescribedinEzra5.17--6.2.Forevidencethatthesatrapalcapitalshadabureau- cracy similar to that of Persepolis, see Helms (1982). For the bullae that demonstrate the existence of a satrapal archive in Daskyleion, seat of Hellespontine Phrygia, see Balkan (1959), Kaptan (1990). For the administration of the eastern regions of the empire, see Briant(1984). 10 Hdt.5.52--54;8.98. 11 Thiswas,ofcourse,afeatureofmanyempires,ancientandmodern--afeaturenecessaryto theirlongevity.FortheancientMediterranean,see,e.g.,Garnsey(1984).Forspecificexamples inoneregionoftheAchaemenidempire,see,e.g.,Vogelsang(1987,1992).
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