ASME B30.16 HOIST PDF
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ASME B30.16-2007 (Revision of ASME B30.16-2003) Overhead Hoists ( Underhung) Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD --`,,``,,,,,,``,````,,````,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 09/21/2008 03:35:47 MDT ASME B30.16-2007 (Revision of ASME B30.16-2003) Overhead Hoists --`,,``,,,,,,``,````,,````,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- (Underhung) Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Three Park Avenue • New York, NY 10016 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 09/21/2008 03:35:47 MDT DateofIssuance:July13,2007 The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2010. There will be no addenda issued to this edition. ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this Standard. Interpretations are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages at http://cstools.asme.orgastheyareissued,andwillalsobepublishedwithinthenexteditionofthe Standard. ASMEistheregisteredtrademarkofTheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers. ScariiatneovdtefgaamTAAvmrunihiiSSnlsplsdaiaMMgeseabtmedtEEorlcemedreontddysnehfdtoo.ontaaeaeireTttgonhspseonoddeunrnefnebcSdocoastlieottittencaiarnsn“ytmnnrac,aedadetkipavnhparaepninairpersrdddetawloiisdnodcvtwahynaoeCinnaeb,cop”odsutlmeeopfm“crdsumrloetiaeeebhtsmintitvltetoetittesmcee,n,lv-”reohaeasawpaotnnlt-pihevirtlddtaaeadht“irhtttdegeyhauroaneneatnpe.odtsdpd,spfoprenarroeanosrnovcnoevritpyetd”oartdepuoosasspncusntehtodacuyhdehrnemetiurutcoetpernvaopemaaikadspttleny,eeiodayncrttoictooottsurcynurnrpsisiencoigtattdhasfhryruniutttalfiscdreiconaet,diariypboraaaadianplnndtis,taedwydyot.pi.maettnrTishUnooeheetspbneeeuratrariiirptlleingsiasrplthgoiknaozutpcrsiftbyonehoalfdgaisedcseicetansicdoovnefrdisriprccaittetnueeosaeg,rstdnodieufaeodrrmriroasenofmretoardatnccrhnsiottanaAtidnvagdtomainnatufiryendeidsn.scdratusitrairciytvcdora,iehlndnaiwauecrwabNiaxagsipiladlthsirhtemtteiyfsmorsaa,onsfdinoamailesyyr,l --`,,``,,,,,,``,````,,````,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- entirelytheirownresponsibility. Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as governmentorindustryendorsementofthiscodeorstandard. ASMEacceptsresponsibilityforonlythoseinterpretationsofthisdocumentissuedinaccordancewiththeestablished ASMEproceduresandpolicies,whichprecludestheissuanceofinterpretationsbyindividuals. Nopartofthisdocumentmaybereproducedinanyform, inanelectronicretrievalsystemorotherwise, withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. TheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers ThreeParkAvenue,NewYork,NY10016-5990 Copyright©2007by THEAMERICANSOCIETYOFMECHANICALENGINEERS Allrightsreserved PrintedinU.S.A. Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 09/21/2008 03:35:47 MDT CONTENTS --`,,``,,,,,,``,````,,````,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- FCBSCSSueeoh3occr0ammttepiiSwmoomttennoaaritnrr11t1dyde666ea--o.-00r0.fR..d.12Co.Is.hntSDS.ate.ccrnero.oofg.pdpien..uees..i,ct..oitD...ofi...oenB...nfs...i3n...0i......t1.....io.....6n...........s......,......a......n......d............R......e........f....e......r......e......n......c......e......s.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. viivvx111i Section 16-0.3 References .............................................................. 5 Chapter 16-1 Marking, Construction, and Installation.................................... 6 Section 16-1.1 Marking ................................................................ 6 Section 16-1.2 Construction ........................................................... 6 Section 16-1.3 Installation ............................................................. 9 Chapter 16-2 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance ..................................... 10 Section 16-2.1 Inspection .............................................................. 10 Section 16-2.2 Testing ................................................................. 13 Section 16-2.3 Maintenance ........................................................... 14 Section 16-2.4 Rope Inspection, Replacement, and Maintenance ........................ 15 Section 16-2.5 Welded Link Chain Inspection, Replacement, and Maintenance .......... 16 Section 16-2.6 Roller Chain Inspection, Replacement, and Maintenance ................. 17 Chapter 16-3 Operation ............................................................... 18 Section 16-3.1 Hoisting Practices for Operators ........................................ 18 Section 16-3.2 Handling the Load ..................................................... 19 Section 16-3.3 Hoist Lockout/Tagout .................................................. 20 Figures 1 Hand Chain-Operated Chain Hoist ...................................... 2 2 Electric-Powered Chain Hoist ........................................... 2 3 Air-Powered Chain Hoist ............................................... 3 4 Electric-Powered Wire Rope Hoist ....................................... 4 5 Air-Powered Wire Rope Hoist ........................................... 5 Tables 1 Inspection for Hand Chain-Operated Hoists ............................. 11 2 Inspection for Electric- or Air-Powered Hoists ........................... 12 iii Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 09/21/2008 03:35:47 MDT FOREWORD This American National Standard, Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks,Jacks,andSlings,hasbeendevelopedundertheproceduresaccreditedbytheAmerican National Standards Institute (formerly the United States of America Standards Institute). This StandardhaditsbeginninginDecember1916whenaneight-pageCodeofSafetyStandardsfor Cranes,preparedbyanASMECommitteeontheProtectionofIndustrialWorkers,waspresented to the annual meeting of ASME. Meetingsanddiscussionsregardingsafetyoncranes,derricks,andhoistswereheldfrom1920 to 1925, involving: the ASME Safety Code Correlating Committee, the Association of Iron and SteelElectricalEngineers,theAmericanMuseumofSafety,theAmericanEngineeringStandards Committee (later changed to American Standards Association and subsequently to the USA Standards Institute), Department of Labor — State of New Jersey, Department of Labor and Industry — State of Pennsylvania, and the Locomotive Crane Manufacturers Association. On June11,1925,theAmericanEngineeringStandardsCommitteeapprovedtheASMESafetyCode CorrelatingCommittee’srecommendationandauthorizedtheproject,withtheU.S.Department of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, and ASME as sponsors. In March 1926, invitations were issued to 50 organizations to appoint representatives to a SectionalCommittee.ThecallfororganizationofthisSectionalCommitteewassentoutOctober 2,1926,andthecommitteeorganizedNovember4,1926,with57membersrepresenting29national organizations. The Safety Code for Cranes, Derricks, and Hoists, ASA B30.2-1943, was created from the eight-pagedocument referred to inthe first paragraph. This documentwas reaffirmed in 1952 and widely accepted as a safety standard. Duetochangesindesign,advancementintechniques,andgeneralinterestoflaborandindustry insafety,theSectionalCommittee,underthejointsponsorshipofASMEandtheNavalFacilities EngineeringCommand,U.S.DepartmentoftheNavy,wasreorganizedasanAmericanNational Standards Committee on January 31, 1962,with 39 members representing 27 national organiza- tions. Theformatofthepreviouscodewaschangedsothatseparatestandards(eachcompleteasto constructionandinstallation;inspection,testing,andmaintenance;andoperation)willcoverthe different types of equipment included in the scope of B30. In1982,theCommitteewasreorganizedasanAccreditedOrganizationCommittee,operating under procedures developed by ASME and accredited by the American National Standards Institute. This Standard presents a coordinated set of rules that may serve as a guide to government andotherregulatorybodiesandmunicipalauthoritiesresponsiblefortheguardingandinspection of the equipment falling within its scope. The suggestions leading to accident prevention are givenbothasmandatoryandadvisoryprovisions;compliancewithbothtypesmayberequired by employers of their employees. Incaseofpracticaldifficulties,newdevelopments,orunnecessaryhardship,theadministrative or regulatory authority may grant variances from the literal requirements or permit the use of other devices or methods, but only when it is clearly evident that an equivalent degree of protectionistherebysecured.TosecureuniformapplicationandinterpretationofthisStandard, administrative or regulatory authorities are urged to consult the B30 Committee, in accordance with the format described in Section IX, before rendering decisions on disputed points. ThisVolumeofthestandard,whichwasapprovedbytheB30CommitteeandbyASME,was approved by ANSI and designated as an American National Standard on January 16, 2007. Safetycodesandstandardsareintendedtoenhancepublicsafety.Revisionsresultfromcommit- teeconsiderationoffactorssuchastechnologicaladvances,newdata,andchangingenvironmental and industry needs. Revisions do not imply that previous editions were inadequate. iv --`,,``,,,,,,``,````,,````,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 09/21/2008 03:35:47 MDT ASME B30 COMMITTEE Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings (ThefollowingistherosteroftheCommitteeatthetimeofapprovalofthisStandard.) STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS P.S.Zorich,Chair B.D.Closson,ViceChair J.D.Wendler,Secretary STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL N.E.Andrew,NorthropGrummanShipSystems E.K.Marburg,ColumbusMcKinnonCorp. W.T.Hargrove,Alternate,MantechInternationalCorp. R.J.Burkey,Alternate,ColumbusMcKinnonCorp. R.E.BluffIV,GantryConstructors,Inc. L.D.Means,MeansEngineeringandConsulting/WireRope R.J.Bolen,Consultant TechnicalBoard G.B.Hetherston,Alternate,E.I.DuPont D.M.Sleightholm,Alternate,BridonAmericanCorp. A.D.Brown,A.D.Brown,Inc. K.J.Miller,JacobsEngineering M.E.Brunet,TheManitowocCraneGroup,Inc. D.W.Smith,Alternate,ChicagoBridgeandIronCo. T.A.Christensen,AllianceofAmericanInsurers/LibertyMutual G.L.Owens,GraniteConstruction,Inc. Insurance R.M.Parnell,WireRopeRiggingConsultants/IndustrialTraining M.W.Mills,Alternate,LibertyMutualGroup International B.D.Closson,CraftForensicServices,Inc. P.D.Sweeney,Alternate,GeneralDynamics,ElectricBoat T.L.Blanton,Alternate,NACBGroup,Inc. J.T.Perkins,Ingersoll-RandCo. J.P.Colletti,JohnP.Colletti&Associates,Inc. H.G.Leidich,Alternate,LeidichConsultingServices,Inc. R.A.Dahlin,WalkerMagneticsGroup J.E.Richardson,U.S.DepartmentoftheNavy J.W.Downs,Jr.,Alternate,DownsCraneandHoistCo. D.W.Ritchie,St.PaulCompanies W.P.Rollins,TheManitowocCraneGroup,Inc. L.D.DeMark,InternationalUnionofOperatingEngineers J.W.RowlandIII,Consultant A.J.Lusi,Alternate,InternationalUnionofOperatingEngineers J.C.Ryan,BohBros.ConstructionCo. D.W.Eckstine,EckstineandAssociates A.R.Ruud,Alternate,AtkinsonConstruction R.J.Edwards,SchwingAmerica D.Sayenga,AssociatedWireRopeFabricators D.R.Remus,Alternate,ReedManufacturing J.A.Gilbert,Alternate,AssociatedWireRopeFabricators J.L.Gordon,AccoChainandLiftingProducts G.W.Shields,Caterpillar,Inc. N.C.Hargreaves,TerexCorp./PowerCrane&ShovelAssociation W.J.Smith,Jr.,U.S.DepartmentofLabor:OSHA E.D.Fidler,Alternate,GroveWorldwide R.G.Strain,AdvancedAutomationAssociates,Inc. J.J.Headley,CraneInstituteofAmerica,Inc. J.B.Hamill,Alternate,AdvancedAutomationAssociates,Inc. C.W.Ireland,NationalOilwell A.R.Toth,MorrisMaterialHandling A.J.Egging,Alternate,NationalOilwell B.E.Weir,Jr.,NationalErectorsAssociation/NorrisBrothers, L.S.Johnson,FluorConstructionTechnology Co.,Inc. E.P.Vliet,Alternate,TurnerIndustries J.D.Wendler,TheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers RHCP....AAEMI.s...sSBLoKhuocoaceihaapcstnkiir,eomoTrn,a,h/AnLeHl,atoeCnAwrrdlnotameasrrdbtaneyra,Ik.tGSeSErp,onheTugachippinea,ierloCIienzrreco&ind.sgbACJRy.sSa.sMeGrWorrri.cve.oiiKraucPsltepaiebsa,rsrenIynrd,tc,C.RLoiignfgts-iAunllgltaCHnoOt.,NInOcR.ARY MRDAPHE.....MSCNLW....B.ZCWWFEoaaiRorllitidlrScaf,,hf,,A,UANlR.tlSetaZer.tPrniAonaInarntmeatte,ely,rHCnCNr.aoaaFtrntiapioeoisnrnCaoAaolflsrLspECto.nrdacg.inianeteeCesor,srIpn.c. --`,,``,,,,,,``,````,,````,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- v Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 09/21/2008 03:35:47 MDT B30.16 SUBCOMMITTEE PERSONNEL A.R.Toth,Chair,MorrisMaterialHandling C.M.Hess,HarringtonHoists,Inc. J.J.Breen,Jr.,NavyCraneCenter H.G.Leidich,LeidichConsultingServices,Inc. B.M.Casey,ElectricBoat E.K.Marburg,ColumbusMcKinnonCorp. J.A.Danielson,TheBoeingCo. L.D.Means,MeansEngineeringandConsulting J.L.Gordon,AccoChainandLiftingProducts J.Sturm,Crane’sArialTruckService --`,,``,,,,,,``,````,,````,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- vi Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 09/21/2008 03:35:47 MDT SAFETY STANDARD FOR CABLEWAYS, CRANES, DERRICKS, HOISTS, HOOKS, JACKS, AND SLINGS B30 STANDARD INTRODUCTION (07) SECTION I: SCOPE B30.24 Container Cranes* B30.25 Scrap and Material Handlers The ASME B30 Standard contains provisions that B30.26 Rigging Hardware applytotheconstruction,installation,operation,inspec- B30.27 Material Placement Systems tion,testing,maintenance,anduseofcranesandother B30.28 Balance Lifting Units* liftingandmaterial-handlingrelatedequipment.Forthe convenienceofthereader,theStandardhasbeendivided into separate volumes. Each volume has been written SECTION II: SCOPE EXCLUSIONS underthedirectionoftheASMEB30StandardsCommit- TheB30Standarddoesnotapplytotrackandautomo- teeandhassuccessfullycompletedaconsensusapproval tivejacks,railwayorautomobilewreckingcranes,ship- process under the general auspices of the American board cranes, shipboard cargo-handling equipment, National Standards Institute (ANSI). well-drilling derricks, skip hoists, mine hoists, truck As of the date of issuance of this Volume, the B30 bodyhoists,carorbargepullers,conveyors,excavating Standard comprises the following volumes: equipment, or equipment covered under the scope of B30.1 Jacks thefollowingstandards:A10,A17,A90,A92,A120,B20, B30.2 Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running B56, and B77. BBBBBB333333000000......345678 CPMDBFBnloiaroeonoirsrndagbtersatgiiitclTlMenre,kr,ugToosaScolunCtilwniendorygteaneLlrnHed,oTeaoocosDnoirwsardmtMnue)rodPmuteCilFdvtHrlieeoaposnalCtietesairtslnGsaCgnirerDdasenerre,rsTicokpsRun- SwbyEiT((sCabpeh)T)repIepOprsBorcNre3vrov0iivIbdeISiiInen:dttafgeoonrsrPddatmUahifrreReiedtnPypciitOrmsrioeoStiiqznenEuectettiiirnonoedjnmumeordeayfnnltttioosufefw,aloicmtrukber,reasrn,sda,npodrwoopntheerertrsy-, --`,,``,,,,,,``,````,,````,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- B30.9 Slings employers,users,andothersconcernedwith,orrespon- B30.10 Hooks sible for, its application B30.11 Monorails and Underhung Cranes (c) guide governments and other regulatory bodies B30.12 Handling Loads Suspended From Rotorcraft inthedevelopment,promulgation,andenforcementof B30.13 Storage/Retrieval (S/R) Machines and Asso- appropriate safety directives ciated Equipment B30.14 Side Boom Tractors SECTION IV: USE BY REGULATORY AGENCIES B30.15 Mobile Hydraulic Cranes (withdrawn 1982 — requirements found in These Volumes may be adopted in whole or in part latest revision of B30.5) forgovernmentalorregulatoryuse.Ifadoptedforgov- B30.16 Overhead Hoists (Underhung) ernmental use, the references to other national codes B30.17 Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running andstandards inthespecific volumesmay bechanged Bridge, Single Girder, Underhung Hoist) torefertothecorrespondingregulationsofthegovern- B30.18 Stacker Cranes (Top or Under Running mental authorities. Bridge, Multiple Girder With Top or Under Running Trolley Hoist) SECTION V: EFFECTIVE DATE B30.19 Cableways B30.20 Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices (a) EffectiveDate. TheeffectivedateofthisVolumeof B30.21 Manually Lever Operated Hoists theB30Standardshallbe1yearafteritsdateofissuance. B30.22 Articulating Boom Cranes B30.23 Personnel Lifting Systems * Thesevolumesarecurrentlyinthedevelopmentprocess. vii Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 09/21/2008 03:35:47 MDT Construction, installation, inspection, testing, mainte- the requester defining the actions undertaken by the nance, and operation of equipment manufactured and B30 Standards Committee. facilitiesconstructedaftertheeffectivedateofthisVol- ume shall conform to the mandatory requirements of SECTION IX: REQUESTS FOR INTERPRETATION this Volume. (b) Existing Installations. Equipment manufactured TheB30StandardsCommitteewillrenderaninterpre- and facilities constructed prior to the effective date of tation of the provisions of the B30 Standard. Such this Volumeof the B30Standard shall be subjectto the requests should be directed to: inspection,testing,maintenance,andoperationrequire- Secretary, B30 Standards Committee ments of this Standard after the effective date. ASME Codes and Standards twmwrssoeehhiqelIatertnuehleclntiiiqtssrnbeuaendetnsmihorhmeibeteatneytlarclhmtedusettberhrirseoiseebnhfbnytiaroteeetltwniltvivnhntibongeegoelewumforoemetwfovh(duedaenis.sxlierufTeieVrisraehlot)(atdei.uletnu,idsnRgvimeteeesrbeece)pydqotwoeoumtarfioifpttmtoqhhhmmrueeiemneneaBernlda1iet3ntfeq.0tiydcehuHeeSdeiactrrocarehepw.unqmaerudenrervsiagenroerenetdnrss-t, VESuodTbliuthjTNiemoehcentrewr:e:e:eqYuPoearCCCskrtiiik,sttteeeNAsthttYvhhhoeeeue1nd0lauade0peps1pbip6gle-iln5ciicaa9natb9ib0tloehlneeeadpfnoiatdlrilooatniwgtrlioeanfpogtfhhftoehnreuvmvomaolutbl:umemre(s.e). --`,,``,,,,,,``,````,,````,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- and the relevant heading(s). SECTION VI: REQUIREMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Question: Phrasethequestionasarequestforaninter- pretationofaspecificprovisionsuitablefor Requirements of this Standard are characterized by general understanding and use, not as a useofthewordshall.RecommendationsofthisStandard requestforapprovalofaproprietarydesign are characterized by the word should. orsituation.Plansordrawingsthatexplain thequestionmaybesubmittedtoclarifythe SECTION VII: USE OF MEASUREMENT UNITS question.However,theyshouldnotcontain any proprietary names or information. This Standard contains SI (metric) units as well as U.S. Customary units. The values stated in customary Upon receipt by the Secretary, the request will be units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units forwardedtotherelevantB30Subcommitteeforadraft areadirect(soft)conversionfromthecustomaryunits. response,whichwillthenbesubjecttoapprovalbythe B30 Standards Committee prior to its formal issuance. InterpretationstotheB30Standardwillbepublished SECTION VIII: REQUESTS FOR REVISION inthesubsequenteditionoftherespectivevolumeand TheB30StandardsCommitteewillconsiderrequests will be available online at http://cstools.asme.org. forrevisionofanyofthevolumeswithintheB30Stan- dard. Such requests should be directed to: SECTION X: ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE Secretary, B30 Standards Committee TheequipmentcoveredbytheB30Standardissubject ASME Codes and Standards tohazardsthatcannotbeabatedbymechanicalmeans, Three Park Avenue but only by the exercise of intelligence, care, and com- New York, NY 10016-5990 mon sense. It is therefore essential to have personnel The requests should be in the following format: involved in the use and operation of equipment who are competent, careful, physically and mentally quali- Volume: Citethedesignationandtitleofthevolume. fied, and trained in the proper operation of the equip- Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the volume. mentandthehandlingofloads.Serioushazardsinclude, butarenot limitedto,improperor inadequatemainte- Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s) nance, overloading, dropping or slipping of the load, and the relevant heading(s). obstructingthefreepassageoftheload,andusingequip- Request: Indicate the suggested revision. ment for a purpose for which it was not intended or designed. Rationale: State the rationale for the suggested The B30 Standards Committee fully realizes the revision. importanceofproperdesignfactors,minimumormaxi- Upon receipt by the Secretary, the request will be mum dimensions, and other limiting criteria of wire forwardedtotherelevantB30Subcommitteeforconsid- rope or chain and their fastenings, sheaves, sprockets, erationandaction.Correspondencewillbeprovidedto drums,andsimilarequipmentcoveredbythestandard, viii Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 09/21/2008 03:35:47 MDT all of which are closely connected with safety. Sizes, (e) the number, size, and arrangement of sheaves or strengths, and similar criteria are dependent on many other parts differentfactors,oftenvaryingwiththeinstallationand (f) environmental conditions causing corrosion or uses. These factors depend on wear (a) the condition of the equipment or material (g) many variables that must be considered in each (b) the loads individual case (c) the acceleration or speed of the ropes, chains, Therequirementsandrecommendationsprovidedin sheaves, sprockets, or drums thevolumesmustbeinterpretedaccordingly,andjudg- (d) the type of attachments ment used in determining their application. ix --`,,``,,,,,,``,````,,````,`,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408001 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 09/21/2008 03:35:47 MDT
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