Asian Beekeeping in the 21st Century PDF
Preview Asian Beekeeping in the 21st Century
Panuwan Chantawannakul Geoff rey Williams Peter Neumann Editors Asian Beekeeping in the 21st Century Asian Beekeeping in the 21st Century Panuwan Chantawannakul Geoffrey Williams · Peter Neumann Editors Asian Beekeeping in the 21st Century Editors Panuwan Chantawannakul Geoffrey Williams Faculty of Science Department of Entomology & Plant Chiang Mai University Pathology Chiang Mai, Thailand Auburn University Auburn, Alabama, USA Peter Neumann Institute of Bee Health University of Bern Bern, Switzerland ISBN 978-981-10-8221-4 ISBN 978-981-10-8222-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8222-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940007 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Asia is regarded as the center of honey bee diversity. Both European and Asian honey bees not only produce honey and other bee products (royal jelly, bee pollen, bee wax, and propolis), but also play a vital role in maintaining the local fauna and sustaining agricultural crops. Species distributions of most honey bees overlap in southeast Asia. This likely increases the potential for interspecies transmission of pests and parasites, and their spread to other parts of the world by human translo- cation. The decline of honey bee populations is of great concern. Global colony losses of the European honey bee are believed to be caused, in part, by pests and parasites originating from Asia, such as the mite Varroa destructor, the microspo- ridian Nosema ceranae, and some bee viruses. This book provides insights to read- ers from local researchers concerning the history of beekeeping, current bee diversity, bee and flora, development of modern beekeeping, as well as setbacks caused by bee diseases and parasites across different geographical areas in Asia. We thank Dr. Alvin Yoshinaga who provided comments on several chapters in this book, as well as the students in the Bee Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University (Ms. Sasiprapa Krongdang, Mr. Chainarong Sinpoo, Ms. Patcharin Phokasem, Ms. Wannapha Mookhploy, and Dr. Jakkrawut Maitip) who assisted us during the compilation of this book. Panuwan Chantawannakul would like to thank Prof. Dr. Siriwat Wongsiri who inspired her to do bee research in Thailand; she also thanks Prof. Dr. Tawee Tunkasiri, Prof. Dr. Saisamorn Lumyoung, and Assistant Prof. Dr. Sakunee Bovonsombut, and Assistant Prof. Dr. Nopasit Chakpitak for providing strategic guidance throughout her career. P.C acknowledges Thailand Research Fund (RSA6080028), National Research Council of Thailand, Chiang Mai University fund, and Thai government fund. We also thank the International College of Digital Innovation for the “Smart Insect” project. Geoffrey Williams would like to acknowledge support by the Swiss National Science Foundation Project 31003A_169751. We also are thankful to all our research collaborators, COLOSS friends (prevention of honeybee COlony v vi Preface LOSSes Honey bee research association, http://www.coloss.org), and the University of Bern, Switzerland, which provided facilities during early versions of the book. We also owe our appreciation to our families and friends for supporting us during our work on bee research, and this book in particular. Chiang Mai, Thailand Panuwan Chantawannakul Auburn, USA Geoffrey Williams Bern, Switzerland Peter Neumann Contents 1 The Overview of Honey Bee Diversity and Health Status in Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Panuwan Chantawannakul and Samuel Ramsey 2 Beekeeping in Turkey: Bridging Asia and Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Aslı Özkırım 3 Beekeeping in Parts of the Levant Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Nizar Haddad and Lisa Horth 4 Apiculture in Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Victoria Soroker, Slabezki Yossi, and Nor Chejanovsky 5 Beekeeping and Honey Hunting in Nepal: Current Status and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Ratna Thapa, Sunil Aryal, and Chuleui Jung 6 Current Status of the Beekeeping Industry in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Huoqing Zheng, Lianfei Cao, Shaokang Huang, Peter Neumann, and Fuliang Hu 7 Beekeeping on Taiwan Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Mei-Chun Lu 8 Beekeeping in Korea: Past, Present, and Future Challenges . . . . . . . 175 Chuleui Jung and Myeong-lyeol Lee 9 Beekeeping in Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Khaliunaa Tsevegmid, Selenge Dooshin, Samuel Ramsey, and Panuwan Chantawannakul 10 Bee Diversity and Current Status of Beekeeping in Japan . . . . . . . . . 223 Mikio Yoshiyama and Kiyoshi Kimura 11 Beekeeping in Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Pham Hong Thai and Tran Van Toan vii viii Contents 12 Bee Diversity and Current Status of Beekeeping in Thailand . . . . . . 269 Panuwan Chantawannakul 13 Social Bees and the Current Status of Beekeeping in Indonesia . . . . 287 Sih Kahono, Panuwan Chantawannakul, and Michael S. Engel 14 Management and Conservation of Philippine Bees . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Cleofas R. Cervancia 15 Conclusions and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Panuwan Chantawannakul, Samuel Ramsey, Geoffrey Williams, and Peter Neumann Chapter 1 The Overview of Honey Bee Diversity and Health Status in Asia Panuwan Chantawannakul and Samuel Ramsey Abstract Traditional honey bee hunting and beekeeping are vital to the economic and spiritual lives of Asians. Bee products are known as not only food/food supple- ment but also traditional medicine for aiming to promote good health, especially in eastern regions. Honey bees also play crucial roles in pollination. Asia is regarded as the homeland of honey bees as it hosts at least nine honey bee species. The European honey bee was introduced from Europe, North America, and Oceania to Russia, Japan, India and other countries in Asia. The growth of global human popu- lation size, globalized trade economic wealth, and technological developments in transportation efficacy has promoted the transmission of bee diseases, parasites and pests. A great concern over honeybee population decline has accelerated research in bee diseases, parasites, and pests. This chapter provides an up-to-date information on bee diseases, parasites, and pests in Asia. Keywords Asian honey bee • Thai bee • Apis dorsata • Thai honey • Apis cerana 1.1 Introduction Honey bees provide invaluable ecosystem services throughout Asia. Agricultural ecosystems, in addition to tropical and mountainous regions, depend on their ability to pollinate a large variety of crops and wild plants. Furthermore, their production P. Chantawannakul (*) Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand International College of Digital Innovation, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand S. Ramsey Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 1 P. Chantawannakul et al. (eds.), Asian Beekeeping in the 21st Century, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8222-1_1 2 P. Chantawannakul and S. Ramsey of honey, brood, propolis, wax, bee pollen, royal jelly, and bee venom provision people with food, nutritional supplements, and traditional medicinal treatments. Dramatic losses in European honey bee populations in recent years have prompted interest in Asian honey bee research. These losses are attributed, in large part, to parasites, pests, and pathogens that Asian honey bees have survived and thrived with for millennia. At least nine species of honey bees are native to Asia making it the homeland of honey bee diversity. The European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is also found in Asia as an introduced species. Inhabitants of Asia have had a very close association with these insects for generations with records of native beekeeping going back more than 2000 years (Chantawannakul et al. 2016). Any quest to better understand the intricacies of honey bee biology should begin here. 1.2 Apis Species Diversity The genus Apis is divided into three sub-genera: Apis (the cavity-nesting bees), Micrapis (the dwarf honey bees), and Megapis (the giant honey bees). Cavity- nesting honey bees (Apis cerana, Apis nigrocincta, Apis koschevnikovi, and Apis nuluensis) form the most widespread, diverse group of the three assemblages. A. cerana appears to be composed of at least two species and researchers have proposed dividing it into A. cerana and Apis indica (Arias and Sheppard 2005; Lo et al. 2010). The cavity-nesting species are characterized by their behavior of building multiple combs within protected structures like tree hollows or boxes provided by humans. Honey bee diversity generally is highest in the tropi- cal areas of Asia. The evolutionary shift towards cavity-nesting allowed for these species to expand their geographic range to several environments other than the tropics. By contrast, the dwarf honey bees (Apis andreniformis and Apis florea) build single comb nests in open air as do the giant honey bees. The inherent exposure to the elements limits their range to tropical and subtropical regions. Dwarf honey bees tend to build comb around the branch of a tree and will abscond leaving it and its contents behind if threatened. Land development and accompanying deforestation have reduced the distribution of these species in recent years. Giant honey bees (Apis dorsata and Apis laboriosa) are known for building their large, single frame colonies at high elevations (especially Apis laboriosa). Typically, these colonies are constructed on cliff faces, under tree branches, or on large man- made structures such as apartment buildings or water towers. The comb can be more than a meter across (Oldroyd and Wongsiri 2006). Their stores of honey and brood attract opportunistic human honey-hunters as well as a host of specialist pests both vertebrate and invertebrate. A third species was proposed for this sub-genus in Apis breviligula of the Philippines (Lo et al. 2010).
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