ASHRAE GreenGuide - The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings

406 Pages·2006·5.28 MB·English

by  ASHRAE Press

ASHRAE GreenGuide
The Design, Construction,
and Operation of
Sustainable Buildings
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING
AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
• • •
AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON
• • •
NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO
• • •
SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
ISBN 1-933742-07-0
ISBN 978-1-933742-07-6
2006 American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Butterworth-Heinemann is
Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. an imprint of Elsevier
1791 Tullie Circle, NE 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400,
Atlanta, GA 30329 Burlington, MA 01803, USA
www.ashrae.org
All rights reserved.
First edition published 2003. Second edition 2006.
Printed in the United States of America.
Printed on 100% recycled paper.
Cover design by Tracy Becker.
ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and
ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure,
design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial
material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE
of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that
the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with
any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this
publication is assumed by the user.
No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by
a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate
credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any way or by any means—electronic, photocopying, recording, or other—without permission
in writing from ASHRAE.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ASHRAE greenguide : the design, construction, and operation of sustainable buildings. -- 2nd
ed.
p. cm.
Summary: "The ASHRAE GreenGuide was developed primarily to provide guidance to
designers of HVAC&R systems in how to participate effectively on design teams charged with
producing green buildings"--Provided by publisher.
ISBN 1-933742-07-0 (hardcover)
1. Sustainable buildings--Design and construction. 2. Sustainable architecture. 3. Buildings--
Environmental engineering. I. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Condition-
ing Engineers. II. Title: ASHRAE green guide.

TH880.A83 2006
720'.47--dc22
2006029914
ASHRAE STAFF
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS PUBLISHING SERVICES
Mildred Geshwiler David Soltis
Editor Manager
Christina Helms Tracy Becker
Associate Editor Graphic Applications Specialist
Jayne Jackson
Cindy Sheffield Michaels
Publication Traffic Administrator
Assistant Editor
PUBLISHER
Michshell Phillips
Administrative Assistant W. Stephen Comstock
AFTERWORD: BACKGROUND TO
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS GUIDE
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
by David L. Grumman, PE
BACKGROUND ON THE ASHRAE GREENGUIDE’S DEVELOPMENT
Comments heard by 1999/2000 ASHRAE President Jim Wolf, as he traveled
around to chapters talking to grassroots members during his term were that
ASHRAE was “missing the boat” in the “green” building design area. Many sister
organizations had already published documents addressing this issue for their
members. President-elect Bill Coad was assigned to follow up, and he requested TC
1.10 (Energy Resources) to form a subcommittee to develop a handbook or guide on
green or sustainable building design, specifically for ASHRAE members.
The effort was kicked off with a conference call of interested TC 1.10 members
on November 20, 2000, organized by then-TC Chair Sheila Hayter. During that call,
numerous ideas were expressed about what the publication should and should not be
and what it should contain. A green guide subcommittee was set up under the chair-
manship of TC 1.10 member David L. Grumman, with Sheila Hayter and Jordan
Heiman being the other members. The subcommittee then set up several meetings
at the January 2001 Atlanta Winter Meeting to discuss the direction such a green
guide should take. As many interested ASHRAE members coming to Atlanta as
could be identified in a short time frame were invited to attend the first meeting, held
just prior to the regular TC meeting. As a result of that meeting and subsequent
actions, a direction was established, a content outline prepared, and interested and
qualified authors sought.
As the authors’ contributions came in, they were placed into the outline format
and the result edited by the subcommittee members. Difficulties were experienced
in achieving consistency in the pieces submitted and in obtaining authors for areas
initially not covered, which slowed the process. In addition, work by the authors and
editors was all voluntary.
WHAT THE ASHRAE GREENGUIDE IS AND IS NOT
When the subcommittee started its work, it set forth some characteristics of
what the guide was to be. One was that it have a well-defined purpose. That purpose,
357
unlike many treatises written on this subject, was to provide guidance on how to
apply green design techniques, not necessarily to motivate the use of them. Much has
been written on the need for green building design, and this aspect is covered briefly
herein. The reader should assume that when the HVAC&R designer finds himself or
herself in a situation where a green design is to be done, this guide will help answer
the question: “What do I do now?”
Other characteristics sought were that it be relevant to the target audience,
useful and practical, concise and succinct, well organized and logical. Further, we
wanted it to encourage team effort and to stimulate innovative ideas and independent
thought. Finally, we wanted the reader to be able to find information easily (a good
reference) and find the guide graphically pleasing to the eye.
This guide should be regarded as the collected views and opinions of experts in
the respective technical fields they are addressing. It is not a consensus document.
It has not been widely reviewed and commented on, except by a limited group
(primarily the authors and a review panel) and all members of the developing
subcommittee and its technical committee and/or meeting attendees. One does not
have to agree with everything written here for this guide to be helpful.
WHO SHOULD USE THE ASHRAE GREENGUIDE
The ASHRAE GreenGuide is primarily for HVAC&R designers. Architects,
owners, building managers, operators, contractors, and others in the building indus-
try, while perhaps finding certain areas of interest, are likely to find the guide less
useful. Writing it for a specific audience keeps the document concise and focused.
Nevertheless, from the design standpoint, the reader will see that considerable
emphasis is placed on close coordination between parties and on teamwork.
The guide is not intended to be “the last word” or “the complete reference” on
green design for engineers—nor, for that matter, a design guide proper. Liberal use
of references to other sources is included, especially for details. For instance,
throughout the guide, numerous techniques, processes, measures, or special systems
are described succinctly in a modified outline or bullet form—but always in the same
format. These are called ASHRAE GreenTips. The purpose of these is to give the
designer enough familiarity with the subject to enable him or her to determine
whether it might be suitable for the project being worked on. Each GreenTip
concludes with a listing of other sources that may be referenced for greater detail.
That source could be another book, a magazine article, a research paper, an organi-
zation, a Web site, or some other resource to which the designer could turn to seek
more information on a subject that has promise of being applicable to the particular
project at hand. Thus, there is a substantial bibliography included in this guide.
Even though this guide is intended for HVAC&R designers, related engineering
disciplines are not omitted. The areas of plumbing and water management are defi-
nitely included (many HVAC&R types do plumbing design too). Also, because
lighting systems have such a big impact on energy use, this subject is covered to the
358
extent of lighting’s impact on energy use and the building’s HVAC&R system. (The
aesthetic aspects of lighting design would not be appropriate here, however, and are
thus excluded.) Likewise, there are many architectural features that have a large
impact on energy use, and the engineer—even though not usually the designer of
those features—should be generally familiar with these impacts. A brief chapter on
architectural impacts is thus included.
This was intended to be a document that a design engineer, about to embark on
a green building design project as part of a team, could pick up and immediately get
ideas and guidance of what to do, where to turn, what to advise, and how to interact
with other team members in a productive way. We want that engineer to be able to
find information with ease on a subject of green-design relevance that may arise.
(There is included a comprehensive index to seek out info on a given subject rapidly.)
Finally, although this guide has many specific and practical suggestions and tips
on achieving green design, a designer who just tries to incorporate as many of these
as possible and does little else is not assured of success. Considerable stress is placed
on coordinating efforts with other members of the project team and seeking mutually
acceptable solutions to the green design challenge. It will take innovative and syner-
gistic designs that cut across design disciplines to achieve true success.
HOW TO USE THIS ASHRAE GREENGUIDE
This document is intended to be used more as a reference than as something one
would read in sequence from beginning to end. Depending on the needs and expe-
rience level of the reader, there are portions that may warrant more attention than
others; indeed, there may well be portions that certain readers might skip altogether.
The following is intended to provide some helpful guidelines for using this docu-
ment effectively.
First, the table of contents is the best place for any reader to get an overall view
of what is covered in this document. Next, all readers should take the time to read
this preface and chapter 1, “Green Design, Sustainability and ‘Good’ Design,”
because they cover the background and philosophy behind this effort and provide
some essential definitions and meanings of key terms.
Chapters 2 and 3, “Motivation” and “Background and Fundamentals,” respec-
tively, might well be skipped by the more experienced designer/readers. The former
covers the “why” of green design—those factors that drive owners to undertake such
a project. The latter covers the background of the green design movement and what
other organizations have done. The second part of chapter 3 then reviews some engi-
neering fundamentals that govern the technical engineering aspects of green design.
The reader may find this part intimidating—perhaps offering more than he or she
wants to know. Thus, only the engineering designer who feels a need for a review
of such technical fundamentals should undertake to read through it. (Of course, it is
always there for later reference, as the need may dictate.)
359
The reader who is interested in how the green design process works, however,
should read chapter 4, “The Design Process—Early Stages.” It covers such topics as
creating a green design team, identifying the “players,” defining each of their roles,
and outlining some green design processes that others have found to work. It is not
until after this chapter that the reader gets into the components of what makes up
green building design proper.
The reader who wants to go directly to the practical things that can be done to
implement a green design should start at chapter 5, “Architectural Design Impacts,”
which covers how architectural features impact green design. The nitty-gritty engi-
neering aspects, however, start at chapter 6 and run through chapter 13. This is where
the reader will find virtually all the practical suggestions for possible incorporation
in a green design, The ASHRAE GreenTips. (A listing of all GreenTips and their
page numbers, for quick and easy reference, can be found in the table of contents.)
Chapters 14 and 15 cover more aspects of the design process—including some
of the analysis tools available. Again, these sections are probably better suited for
occasional reference rather than “must” reading first time through.
The remainder of the GreenGuide, Chapters 16–19, covers what happens after
the project’s design is done—that is, during construction and after. There are some
sound advice and helpful tips in that section, and the designer would be well served
to be aware of the information contained therein early on in design. Thus, even
though it covers a post-design time frame, reading that section should not be put off
until construction begins.
For quick and ready reference, the GreenGuide includes up front not only a list-
ing (with page numbers) of GreenTips but also all figures, charts and sidebars—and
then at the back end a comprehensive bibliography, which compiles all the sources
mentioned throughout the guide (and then some)—and an index for rapid location
of a particular subject of interest.
360
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii
How to Use This ASHRAE GreenGuide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
SECTION I: BASICS
CHAPTER 1—GREEN/SUSTAINABLE HIGH-PERFORMANCE DESIGN . . . . . . . . . .3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Relationship to Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Commitment to Green/Sustainable High-Performance Projects. . . . . . . . . . .6
What Drives Green Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Ingredients of a Successful Green Project Endeavor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
The Engineering/Energy Conservation Ethic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Incentives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Building Team Spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
CHAPTER 2—BACKGROUNDAND FUNDAMENTALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Sustainability in Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Fundamentals of Related Engineering Topics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Applications to HVAC&R Systems and Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Summary of Engineering Application Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
References and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
vii
SECTION 2: THE DESIGN PROCESS
CHAPTER 3—COMMISSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
CxA’s Role and Owner’s Project Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Commissioning Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Selection of a CxA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Selection of Systems to Commission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Commissioning Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
A Commissioning Checklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
CHAPTER 4—ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN IMPACTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Site Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Site Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Building Form/Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Building Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Arrangement/Grouping of Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Climatic Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Interdependency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Building-Type GreenTips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
CHAPTER 5—THE DESIGN PROCESS—EARLY STAGES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
The Owner’s Role. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
The Design Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
The Engineer’s Role. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Project Delivery Methods and Contractor Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Successful Approaches to Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Concept Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Expressing and Testing Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Verbal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Diagrammatic/Pictorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Building Information Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
CHAPTER 6—LEED GUIDANCEFOR HVAC ENGINEERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
LEED Credits Affecting Minimum Energy Performance (MEP) Design . . .101
Sustainable Sites (SS) Credits Affecting MEP Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Water Efficiency (WE) Credits Affecting MEP Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Energy and Atmosphere Credits Affecting MEP Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
viii
LEED Commissioning Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Materials and Resources Credits Affecting HVAC Design. . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Credits Affecting MEP Design . . . .115
LEED Registration and Certification Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
CHAPTER 7—CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING DESIGN—
LOAD DETERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Energy Impacts of Architectural Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Thermal/Mass Transfer of Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Engineering Load-Determining Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
System/Equipment Efficiencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
CHAPTER 8—SPACE THERMAL/COMFORT DELIVERY SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . .143
Thermal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Energy Exchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Energy Delivery Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Occupied-Space Energy Delivery Means
(Air Terminals/Conductive/Convective/Radiant Devices). . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Provision of Outside Air Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation. . . . . . . . . . .149
CHAPTER 9—INTERACTIONWITHTHE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Why a Chapter on This? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Cooling Tower Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
District Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Water Consumption Due to Cooling System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Cooling System Heat Sinks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Green Roof and Cool Roof Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Designing Healthy Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
HVAC, Building Envelope, and IAQ Interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
ix
CHAPTER 10—ENERGY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Hydronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Electric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
CHAPTER 11—ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Heat Generators (Heating Plants). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Cooling Generators (Chilled-Water Plants). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Distributed Electricity Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
CHAPTER 12—ENERGY/WATER SOURCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Renewable/Nonrenewable Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Solar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Wind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Hydro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
CHAPTER 13—LIGHTING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Electric Lighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Daylight Harvesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
The Light Conveyor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Lighting Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Cost Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Sources of Further Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
CHAPTER 14—PLUMBINGAND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Domestic Water Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Sanitary Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Storm Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Fire Suppression Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Smoke Management Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
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