As Pastoralists Settle: Social, Health, and Economic Consequences of Pastoral Sedentarization in Marsabit District, Kenya PDF
Preview As Pastoralists Settle: Social, Health, and Economic Consequences of Pastoral Sedentarization in Marsabit District, Kenya
As Pastoralists Settle Social, Health, and Economic Consequences of Pastoral Sedentarization in Marsabit District, Kenya STUDIES IN HUMAN ECOLOGY AND ADAPTATION Series Editors: Daniel G. Bates Hunter College,New York,co-editor Ludomir R. Lozny Hunter College,New York,co-editor Editorial Board: Arun Agrawal,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan ● Fikret Berkes, University of Manitoba,Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada ● Michael Dove,Yale University,New Haven,Connecticut ● Katherine Homewood,University College London,London,England ● J. Terrence McCabe,University of Colorado,Boulder,Colorado ● Christine Padoch,New York Botanical Garden, Bronx,New York ● David Pimentel,Cornell University,Ithaca,New York AS PASTORALISTS SETTLE Social,Health,and Economic Consequences of Pastoral Sedentarization in Marsabit District,Kenya Edited by Elliot Fratkin and Eric Abella Roth A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. As Pastoralists Settle Social, Health, and Economic Consequences of Pastoral Sedentarization in Marsabit District, Kenya Edited by Elliot Fratkin Smith College,Northampton,Massachusetts and Eric Abella Roth University of Victoria,Victoria,British Columbia,Canada Kluwer Academic Publishers ● New York and London New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data As pastoralists settle :social,health,and economic consequences of the pastoral sedentarization in Marsabit District,Kenya / edited by Elliot Fratkin,Eric Abella Roth. p. cm.— (Studies in human ecology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-306-48594-X (hb.)— ISBN 0-306-48596-6 (eBook) 1. Marsabit District (Kenya)— Economic conditions. 2. Marsabit District (Kenya)— Social conditions. 3. Nomads— Kenya— Marsabit District— Sedentarisation. I. Fratkin,Elliot M. II. Roth,Eric Abella. III. Series. HC865.Z7M373 2004 306.3(cid:1)49(cid:1)0967624—dc22 2004042174 ISBN HB:0-306-48594-X PB:0-306-48595-8 e-Book:0-306-48596-6 ©2005 Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers,New York 233 Spring Street,New York,New York 10013 http//www.kluweronline.com 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress All rights reserved No part of this work may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording,or otherwise,without written permission from the Publisher,with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system,for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Permissions for books published in Europe:[email protected] Permissions for books published in the United States of America:[email protected] Printed in the United States of America Contributors Wario R. Adano, M.Sc., Amsterdam Research Institute for Global Issues and Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130,1018 VZ Amsterdam,The Netherlands ([email protected]) Elliot Fratkin, Professor, Department of Anthropology, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts,01063 ([email protected]) Masako Fujita, M.A., Department of Anthropology, Box 353100, University of Washington,Seattle,Washington 98195-3100 ([email protected]) John G. Galaty, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal,PQ,Canada ([email protected]) Joyce Giles, M.A., Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3050, Victoria,British Columbia,Canada V8W 3P5 Joan Harris,R.N.,Hornby Island,British Columbia,Canada,[email protected] Peter D. Little, Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, 211 Lafferty Hall, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0024 ([email protected]) John G. McPeak, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, Syracuse University,Syracuse,New York 13244 ([email protected]) Leunita Auko Muruli, Ph.D., Institute of African Studies, University Of Nairobi, P. O. Box,30197,Nairobi,Kenya ([email protected]) Martha A. Nathan, M.D.,Assistant Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA Massachusetts 02111, and Brightwood Health Center, 380 Plainfield Street,Springfield Massachusetts 01107 ([email protected]) Elizabeth N. Ngugi, R.N. Ph.D., Strengthening STDs/HIV Control Unit, Department of Community Health, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676, Nairobi, Kenya ([email protected], [email protected]) Walter Obungu Obiero, Ph.D., Family Health International, 2101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 700,Arlington,VA 22201 ([email protected]) Eric Abella Roth, Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3050,Victoria,British Columbia,Canada V8W 3P5 ([email protected]) H. Jürgen Schwartz,Professor,Humboldt University of Berlin,Philippstrasse 13,Haus 7, Berlin-Mitte; Berlin D-10115; Germany [email protected] Bettina Shell-Duncan,Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington,Box 353100,Seattle,WA 98195 ([email protected]) v vi Contributors Kevin Smith,Ph.D.,United States Agency for International Development,Nairobi,Kenya (kevsmith@ usaid.gov) David Wiseman, M.D., Hornby Island, British Colombia, Canada, bigtreetralee@ hot- mail.com Karen Witsenburg, M.Sc., Amsterdam Research Institute for Global Issues and Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130,1018 VZ Amsterdam,The Netherlands ([email protected]) Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation: A Note From The Series Editors This volume, As Pastoralists Settle, edited by Elliot Fratkin and Eric Abella Roth, is the first in a new series launched by Kluwer Academic Publishers which will present studies inhuman ecology and adaptation under our general editorship. The objective of this series is to publish cutting-edge work on the bio-social processes of adaptation and human- environmental dynamics. We are committed to three initial volumes, including both archaeological and field research on contemporary populations, and hope that academic interest will permit us to add more, thereby making the series a major and continuing resource in the field of human ecology. Generally,scientific publications have the largest impact when they can be utilized in the classroom or by non-academic practitioners in addition to stimulating further research by specialists. Key to making these studies accessi- ble to a broad readershp is that they are clearly written and tightly focused. We have quite deliberately taken the journal Human Ecologyas a model since it focuses on empirically rooted original research addressing a wide interdisciplinary readership. As a consequence, the journal has achieved considerable recognition among academic publications worldwide which deal with environmental issues. As with contributions to Human Ecology,potential manuscripts in this series are subject to peer review. We hope that readers will agree that As Pastoralists Settleis both an outstanding contri- bution to the field and a splendid way to inaugurate this new book series. Following the detailed introduction by the very able editors,we have studies here by some of the foremost scholars of East African pastoralism,many of whom are contributors to Human Ecologyin different capacities. Some 240 million,or approximately half of the world’s agro-pastoralists live in Africa,of whom twenty-five million live in East Africa. Clearly the sedentarization of pastoralists is a major concern for those working in areas of national development,touching as it does on problems of inter-group competition including possible conflict,health and the delivery of human services,gender roles,and the economics of food production and distribu- tion. While there are a number of books which treat the settlement of pastoralists in different parts of the world,this is the first interdisciplinary collaboration involving anthropologists, health specialists,agronomists,experts in public administration and development,and others all focusing on the long-term causes and consequences of pastoral settlement in one relatively delineated geographic area—Marsabit district,Kenya. This geographic focus gives the book a unique perspective that looks beyond events,numbers,and trends to examine the complex vii viii Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation interplay of bio-social processes including health,& nutrition,child development,economic activities, and perceptions of risk and reward, as well as the unfortunate but ever-present potential for conflict. The international nature of the collaborative effort here is also unusual but extremely welcome and rewarding in the diversity of views it allows. We are indebted to the scholars whose work is presented here and which cumulatively represents many lifetimes of meticulous and often arduous research. The necessarily anonymous reviewers have made a significant contribution to the publication process, which we gratefully acknowledge here. We would also like to express our gratitude to our far-sighted, perhaps even fearless, editors at Kluwer Academic Publishers Myriam Poort and Teresa Krauss. Daniel G. Bates Ludomir R. Lozny Hunter College,C.U.N.Y. Contents Chapter 1 Introduction: The Social,Health,and Economic Consequences of Pastoral Sedentarization in Marsabit District,Northern Kenya . . . . . . . . 1 Eric Abella Roth and Elliot Fratkin Chapter 2 The Setting: Pastoral Sedentarization in Marsabit District, Northern Kenya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Elliot Fratkin and Eric Abella Roth Chapter 3 Time,Terror,and Pastoral Inertia:Sedentarization and Conflict in Northern Kenya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 John G. Galaty Chapter 4 Ecological and Economic Consequences of Reduced Mobility in Pastoral Livestock Production Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 H. Jürgen Schwartz Chapter 5 Cursed If You Do,Cursed If You Don’t:The Contradictory Processes of Pastoral Sedentarization in Northern Kenya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 John McPeak and Peter D. Little Chapter 6 Once Nomads Settle:Assessing the Process,Motives,and Welfare Changes of Settlements on Mount Marsabit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Wario R. Adano and Karen Witsenburg Chapter 7 From Milk to Maize:The Transition to Agriculture for Rendille and Ariaal Pastoralists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Kevin Smith ix x Contents Chapter 8 Women’s Changing Economic Roles with Pastoral Sedentarization:Varying Strategies in Alternate Rendille Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Elliot Fratkin and Kevin Smith Chapter 9 The Effects of Pastoral Sedentarization on Children’s Growth and Nutrition among Ariaal and Rendille in Northern Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Eric Abella Roth,Martha A. Nathan,M.D. and Elliot Fratkin Chapter 10 Health and Morbidity among Rendille Pastoralist Children:Effects of Sedentarization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Martha A. Nathan,M.D.,Eric Abella Roth,Elliot Fratkin, David Wiseman,M.D.,and Joan Harris,R.N. Chapter 11 Sedentarization and Seasonality:Maternal Dietary and Health Consequences in Ariaal and Rendille Communities in Northern Kenya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Masako Fujita,Eric Abella Roth,Martha A. Nathan,M.D.,and Elliot Fratkin Chapter 12 Development,Modernization,and Medicalization: Influences on the Changing Nature of Female “Circumcision”in Rendille Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Bettina Shell-Duncan,Walter Obungu Obiero,and Leunita Auko Muruli Chapter 13 Female Education in a Sedentary Ariaal Rendille Community: Paternal Decision-Making and Biosocial Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Eric Abella Roth and Elizabeth N. Ngugi Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
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