Table Of Content

AS 3700—2001 (Incorporating Amendment Nos 1, 2 and 3) A S 3 7 0 0 — 2 0 0 1 Australian Standard® Masonry structures This Australian Standard® was prepared by Committee BD-004, Masonry Structures. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 12 October 2001. This Standard was published on 27 November 2001. The following are represented on Committee BD-004: (cid:129) Australian Building Codes Board (cid:129) Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (cid:129) Building Designers Association of Australia (cid:129) Calcium Silicate Brick Manufacturers (cid:129) Cement and Concrete Association of Australia (cid:129) Clay Brick and Paver Institute (cid:129) Concrete Masonry Association of Australia Limited (cid:129) CSIRO, Building, Construction and Engineering (cid:129) Housing Industry Association A2 (cid:129) Masonry Contractors Association (cid:129) Master Builders Australia (cid:129) NSW Department of Public Works and Services (cid:129) The Association of Consulting Engineers Australia (cid:129) University of Newcastle This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 00381. Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the Committee and through the public comment period. Keeping Standards up-to-date Australian Standards® are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology and systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued. Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been published since the Standard was published. Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can be found by visiting www.standards.org.au Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at [email protected], or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001. AS 3700—2001 (Incorporating Amendment Nos 1, 2 and 3) Australian Standard® Masonry structures Originated in part as AS CA32—1963. Previous edition AS 3700—1998. Third edition 2001. Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (May 2002). Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 2 (December 2003). Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 3 (August 2007). COPYRIGHT © Standards Australia All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the publisher. Published by Standards Australia GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia ISBN 0 7337 4173 8 AS 3700—2001 2 PREFACE This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-004, Masonry Structures, to supersede AS 3700—1998, Masonry structures. This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (May 2002), Amendment No. 2 (December 2003) and Amendment No. 3 (August 2007). The changes required by the Amendment are indicated in the text by a marginal bar and amendment number against the clause, note, table, figure or part thereof affected. The objective of this Standard is to provide minimum requirements for the design and construction of unreinforced, reinforced and prestressed masonry, including built-in components, for use in masonry applications. The Standard is the result of a consensus among representatives on the Joint Committee that it be produced as an Australian Standard. In the preparation of this Standard valuable assistance was given by organizations and individuals experienced in various aspects of the design and construction of masonry, and the Committee acknowledges their help. Acknowledgment is also made of the assistance gained from the following documents and publications: (a) Australian Masonry Manual, published by a joint committee of the Public Works Department, N.S.W. and the Association of Consulting Structural Engineers, N.S.W. (b) Publications of the Clay Brick and Paver Institute; the Concrete Masonry Association of Australia Co-op Limited; the CSIRO Division of Building, Construction and Engineering; and the Department of Civil, Surveying and Environmental Engineering of the University of Newcastle. Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables and figures are deemed to be requirements of this Standard. The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance. 3 AS 3700—2001 CONTENTS Page SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION.....................................................................................6 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS..................................................................................6 1.3 USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS OR METHODS..........................................8 1.4 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED ON DOCUMENTS.........................................8 1.5 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................9 1.6 NOTATION..............................................................................................................16 SECTION 2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN 2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION...............................................................................................24 2.2 AIM...........................................................................................................................24 2.3 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................24 2.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.....................................................................................24 2.5 SERVICEABILITY, STRENGTH AND STABILITY..............................................25 2.6 LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS..................................................................26 2.7 OTHER DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................27 2.8 THERMAL INSULATION.......................................................................................28 2.9 SOUND INSULATION.............................................................................................28 SECTION 3 DESIGN PROPERTIES 3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION...............................................................................................29 3.2 MASONRY UNITS...................................................................................................29 3.3 MASONRY...............................................................................................................29 3.4 TIES AND ACCESSORIES......................................................................................32 3.5 GROUT.....................................................................................................................33 3.6 REINFORCEMENT..................................................................................................33 3.7 TENDONS................................................................................................................34 SECTION 4 GENERAL DESIGN ASPECTS 4.1 SCOPE OF SECTION...............................................................................................35 4.2 MEMBERS OF MIXED CONSTRUCTION.............................................................35 4.3 CHASES, HOLES AND RECESSES........................................................................35 4.4 CAPACITY REDUCTION FACTORS.....................................................................35 4.5 CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES.............................................................................36 4.6 DESIGN FOR ROBUSTNESS..................................................................................37 4.7 PREVENTION OF MOISTURE PENETRATION....................................................39 4.8 CONTROL JOINTS..................................................................................................41 4.9 MORTAR JOINTS....................................................................................................41 4.10 WALL TIES..............................................................................................................41 4.11 BONDING, TYING AND SUPPORTING................................................................42 4.12 ARCHES AND LINTELS.........................................................................................43 4.13 INTERACTION BETWEEN MASONRY MEMBERS AND SLABS, BEAMS OR COLUMNS.........................................................................................................43 4.14 CORBELLING..........................................................................................................43 4.15 ATTACHMENT TO FACE OF WALLS...................................................................44 AS 3700—2001 4 Page SECTION 5 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY 5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION...............................................................................................45 5.2 EXPOSURE ENVIRONMENTS...............................................................................45 5.3 MASONRY UNITS...................................................................................................45 5.4 MORTAR..................................................................................................................45 5.5 BUILT-IN COMPONENTS......................................................................................45 5.6 GROUT.....................................................................................................................46 5.7 REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS......................................................................46 SECTION 6 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE 6.1 SCOPE OF SECTION...............................................................................................49 6.2 FIRE-RESISTANCE LEVELS..................................................................................49 6.3 STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY..................................................................................49 6.4 INTEGRITY..............................................................................................................53 6.5 INSULATION...........................................................................................................54 6.6 RECESSES FOR SERVICES....................................................................................55 6.7 CHASES....................................................................................................................56 6.8 PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEELWORK..................................................56 SECTION 7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY 7.1 SCOPE OF SECTION...............................................................................................57 7.2 GENERAL BASIS OF DESIGN...............................................................................57 7.3 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION.......................................................57 7.4 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN BENDING................................................................72 7.5 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN SHEAR.....................................................................79 7.6 DESIGN OF SHEAR WALLS..................................................................................81 7.7 DESIGN OF MASONRY VENEER WALLS...........................................................81 7.8 DESIGN OF CAVITY WALLS................................................................................83 7.9 DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM WALLS........................................................................84 SECTION 8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF REINFORCED MASONRY 8.1 SCOPE OF SECTION...............................................................................................85 8.2 GENERAL BASIS OF DESIGN...............................................................................85 8.3 GENERAL REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT..................................................85 8.4 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION.......................................................86 8.5 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN BENDING................................................................87 8.6 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN SHEAR.....................................................................88 8.7 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN TENSION.................................................................90 8.8 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION.....91 8.9 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMBINED BENDING AND TENSION................91 SECTION 9 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED MASONRY 9.1 SCOPE OF SECTION...............................................................................................92 9.2 GENERAL BASIS OF DESIGN...............................................................................92 9.3 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PRESTRESSING TENDONS.........................................93 9.4 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION.......................................................94 9.5 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN BENDING................................................................94 9.6 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN SHEAR.....................................................................97 9.7 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN TENSION.................................................................97 9.8 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION.....97 9.9 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMBINED BENDING AND TENSION................98 9.10 DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE ZONES........................................................................98 5 AS 3700—2001 Page SECTION 10 MATERIALS 10.1 SCOPE OF SECTION...............................................................................................99 10.2 MASONRY...............................................................................................................99 10.3 MASONRY UNITS...................................................................................................99 10.4 MORTAR..................................................................................................................99 10.5 WALL TIES, CONNECTORS, ACCESSORIES AND LINTELS..........................101 10.6 DAMP-PROOF COURSES, FLASHINGS AND WEATHERINGS.......................101 10.7 GROUT...................................................................................................................101 10.8 REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS....................................................................102 SECTION 11 CONSTRUCTION 11.1 SCOPE OF SECTION.............................................................................................104 11.2 GENERAL..............................................................................................................104 11.3 MATERIALS..........................................................................................................104 11.4 WORKMANSHIP...................................................................................................105 11.5 TOLERANCES IN MASONRY..............................................................................107 11.6 SITE CONTROL.....................................................................................................109 11.7 ADDITIONAL SITE CONTROL OF SPECIAL MASONRY.................................109 11.8 GROUTED MASONRY..........................................................................................110 11.9 MASONRY UNDER CONSTRUCTION................................................................110 11.10 CLEANING.............................................................................................................111 11.11 TESTING OF IN SITU MASONRY.......................................................................111 SECTION 12 SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF MASONRY FOR SMALL BUILDINGS 12.1 SCOPE OF SECTION.............................................................................................112 12.2 MATERIALS..........................................................................................................115 12.3 WALL SELECTION...............................................................................................119 12.4 LINTELS.................................................................................................................131 12.5 BRACING...............................................................................................................135 12.6 DETAILING............................................................................................................141 12.7 CONSTRUCTION...................................................................................................148 12.8 FLASHINGS IN CHIMNEYS.................................................................................149 APPENDICES A ADDITIONAL CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO EARTHQUAKE ACTIONS DETERMINED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AS 1170.4—1993............151 AA ADDITIONAL CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO EARTHQUAKE ACTIONS DETERMINED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AS 1170.4—2007............157 B DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUE..........................................168 C METHOD OF TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH......................................170 D METHOD OF TEST FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH.............................................174 E ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTS......................................................................181 F GUIDANCE ON THE USE OF MASONRY IN RESTORATION WORK AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTED USING SQUARE-DRESSED NATURAL STONE.................................................................................................184 FA DURABILITY TESTING........................................................................................185 G METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF BOW............................................................188 H ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTH VALUES FROM TEST RESULTS....................189 I TESTING OF IN SITU MASONRY.......................................................................191 J BASIS OF DESIGN FOR SECTION 12..................................................................192 K RACKING FORCES...............................................................................................197 AS 3700—2001 6 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Masonry structures S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L 1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1.1 Scope This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design and construction of masonry, including unreinforced, reinforced and prestressed, using manufactured units of clay, calcium silicate and concrete laid in mortar, autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) laid in thin- bed mortar, and square-dressed natural stone laid in mortar. The Standard does not give values or material properties for the design and construction of square-dressed natural stone. NOTES: 1 This Standard assumes that the structural design of masonry is entrusted to experienced structural engineers or similar appropriately qualified persons, and that the execution of such work is carried out under the direction of appropriately qualified persons who are experienced in masonry construction and who understand the structural requirements. 2 The Standard does not give specific requirements for prefabricated masonry panels or masonry in composite action with steel or concrete structural members. The principles of this Standard should be followed, as far as they are applicable, for such types of construction. 3 The provisions of this Standard do not include specification for design and construction of AAC laid in other than thin-bed mortar. However, for masonry so constructed the general principles of this Standard may be used. 1.1.2 Application This Standard will be referenced in the Building Code of Australia by way of BCA Amendment 10 to be published by 1 January 2002, thereby superseding the previous edition, AS 3700—1998, which will be withdrawn 12 months from the date of the publication of this edition. 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this Standard: AS 1141 Methods of sampling and testing aggregates 1170 Minimum design loads on structures 1170.1 Part 1: Dead and live loads and load combinations 1170.2 Part 2: Wind loads 1170.3 Part 3: Snow loads 1170.4 Part 4: Earthquake loads A2 Not applicable 1310 Steel wire for tendons in prestressed concrete 1311 Steel tendons for prestressed concrete—7-wire stress-relieved steel strand for tendons in prestressed concrete © Standards Australia www.standards.org.au 7 AS 3700—2001 AS 1313 Steel tendons for prestressed concrete—Cold-worked high-tensile alloy steel bars for prestressed concrete 1316 Masonry cement 1397 Steel sheet and strip—Hot-dipped zinc-coated or aluminium/zinc-coated 1478 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout 1478.1 Part 1: Admixtures for concrete 1449 Wrought alloy steels—Stainless and heat-resisting steel plate, sheet and strip 1530 Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures 1530.4 Part 4: Fire-resistance tests of elements of building construction 1672 Limes and limestones 1672.1 Part 1: Limes for building 1684 Residential timber-framed construction 1684.2 Part 2: Non-cyclonic areas 1684.3 Part 3: Cyclonic areas 1684.4 Part 4: Simplified—Non-cyclonic areas 2870 Residential slabs and footings—Construction 2193 Methods for calibration and grading of force-measuring systems of testing machines 2601 Demolition of structures 2699 Built in components for masonry construction 2699.1 Part 1: Wall ties 2699.2 Part 2: Connectors and accessories 2699.3 Part 3: Lintels and shelf angles—Durability requirements 2701 Methods of sampling and testing mortar for masonry construction 2758 Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes 2758.1 Part 1: Concrete aggregates 2837 Wrought alloy steels—Stainless steel bars and semi-finished products 2870 Residential slabs and footings—Construction 2904 Damp-proof courses and flashings 3582 Supplementary cementitious materials for use with portland and blended cement 3582.1 Part 1: Fly ash 3582.2 Part 2: Slag—Ground granulated iron blast-furnace 3582.3 Part 3: Silica fume 3623 Domestic metal framing 3600 Concrete structures 3972 Portland and blended cements 4055 Wind loads for housing AS/NZS 2311 Guide to the painting of buildings 2312 Guide to the protection of iron and steel against exterior atmospheric corrosion www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia AS 3700—2001 8 AS/NZS 3679 Structural steel 3679.1 Part 1: Hot-rolled bars and sections 4455 Masonry units and segmental pavers 4456 Masonry units and segmental pavers—Methods of test 4456.4 Method 4: Determining compressive strength of masonry units 4456.10 Method 10: Determining resistance to salt attack 4456.11 Method 11: Determining coefficients of expansion 4456.12 Method 12: Determining coefficients of contraction A1 4671 Steel reinforcing materials BCA Building Code of Australia BS EN 12878 Specification for pigments for portland cement and portland cement products 5628-3 Code of practice for stone masonry ISO 9223 Corrosion of metals and alloys—Corrosivity of atmospheres—Classification Austroads Bridge Design Code 1.3 USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS OR METHODS 1.3.1 General Provided that the requirements of Section 2 are met, this Standard shall not be interpreted in a way that prevents the use of alternative materials or methods of design or construction not specifically referred to herein. NOTE: Where the intended use is subject to the control of a building authority, approval for the use of alternative materials or methods will need to be obtained from the relevant authority. 1.3.2 Existing structures Where the strength or serviceability of an existing structure is to be evaluated, the general principles of this Standard shall be applied. Appropriate values for the properties of the materials in the structure shall be used. 1.4 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED ON DOCUMENTS 1.4.1 General Documents shall show information necessary to construct the masonry, including the following: (a) Category, type and work sizes, including the face shell width for units that are to be face-shell bedded (see Clause 3.2), of the masonry units as defined in Clauses 1.5.2.22 and 1.5.2.36. ( ) (b) Value of the characteristic unconfined compressive strength f′ required for the uc masonry units. (c) Mix proportions of the mortar or, for proprietary thin-bed mortar, the specification. (d) Finish to the joints and the depth of raking (if any) of the mortar joints. (e) Bond pattern for the masonry. © Standards Australia www.standards.org.au