Arts and Humanities Through The Eras: Medieval Europe (814-1450)

524 Pages·2004·16.347 MB·English

by  Edward Bleiberg

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A R T S & H U M A N I T I E S
T h r o u g h t h e E ra s
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A R T S & H U M A N I T I E S
T h r o u g h t h e E ra s
Medieval Europe
814–1450
Kristen Mossler Figg and
John Block Friedman, Editors
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Arts and Humanities Through The Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450)
Kristen Mossler Figg and John Block Friedman
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Arts and humanities through the eras.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-5695-X (set hardcover : alk. paper) —
ISBN 0-7876-5696-8 (Renaissance Europe : alk. paper) —
ISBN 0-7876-5697-6 (Age of Baroque : alk. paper) —
ISBN 0-7876-5698-4 (Ancient Egypt : alk. paper) —
ISBN 0-7876-5699-2 (Ancient Greece : alk. paper) —
ISBN 0-7876-5700-X (Medieval Europe : alk. paper)
1. Arts—History. 2. Civilization—History.
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C O N T E N T S
ABOUT THE BOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Jean Deschamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Suger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
William of Sens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Henry Yevele. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
ERA OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
CHRONOLOGY OF
WORLD EVENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix CHAPTER 2: DANCE
CHAPTER 1: ARCHITECTURE IMPORTANT EVENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
AND DESIGN OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
IMPORTANT EVENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 TOPICS IN DANCE
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Dancing in Medieval Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Sacred and Symbolic Dance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
TOPICS IN ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
Conventional Dance Formations and Steps . . . . . 70
The Influence of the Carolingians . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Popular Dances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Ottonian and Norman Architecture . . . . . . . . . 13
Additional Dance Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Geometry and Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Choreographed Dancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Construction Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Dancing Masters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Monastic Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Basse Danse and the Bassadanza . . . . . . . . 84
Pilgrimage Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
The Ballo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
A New Vision: Saint-Denis and French
Church Architecture in the Twelfth SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE
Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Antonio Cornazano. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Immediate Impact: Notre-Dame and Domenico da Piacenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Chartres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Guglielmo Ebreo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
The Gothic in England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Raimbaut de Vaqueiras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
The Illuminated Church and the Ippolita Maria Sforza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Rayonnant Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
The Architecture of Security and Power . . . . . . 49
The Architecture of Daily Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 CHAPTER 3: FASHION
SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE IMPORTANT EVENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Bernard of Clairvaux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
v
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Contents
TOPICS IN FASHION CHAPTER 5: MUSIC
Fashion and Cultural Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 IMPORTANT EVENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Peasant Costume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Academic, Clerical, and Religious Dress. . . . . . 105
Armor and Heraldry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 TOPICS IN MUSIC
The Rise of Courtly Costume. . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Musical Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Early Aristocratic Dress for Women . . . . . . . . 114 Music in Private and Public. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Intercultural Influences and Regional Musical Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Distinctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Plainsong and the Monophonic Tradition . . . . 223
The New Silhouette for Aristocratic Men. . . . . 121 Additions to the Sacred Repertory. . . . . . . . . . 226
A New Look for Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 The Monophonic Secular Tradition . . . . . . . . 228
The Spread of the Age of Fashion. . . . . . . . . . 128 Religious Music of the Layman . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Dress Codes and Anti-Fashion . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 The Earliest Polyphonic Music. . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Guilds and Confraternities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Motets and Canons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Polyphonic Secular Music and National
SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE
Styles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Thomas Conecte. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Dufay and the Late Medieval Ceremonial
Eleanor of Aquitaine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Motet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Francis of Assisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Guillaume de Machaut’s Messe de Nostre
Philip the Bold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Dame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Richard II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
The Cyclic Mass Tradition: Missa Caput. . . . . 244
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Missa Se la face ay pale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
The Mechanics of Music: Scales and
CHAPTER 4: LITERATURE
Treatises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
IMPORTANT EVENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Systems of Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE
TOPICS IN LITERATURE Adam de la Halle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Bernart de Ventadorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Identity and Authority. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Guillaume Dufay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Heroic Narrative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Guido of Arezzo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Heroic Literature in Medieval Scandinavia . . . . 155
Hildegard of Bingen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
The Heroic Narrative in France . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Francesco Landini. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
The Heroic Narrative in Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Guillaume de Machaut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Origins, Definitions, and Categories of
Notker Balbulus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Romance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Pietrobono de Burzellis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Courtly Love.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Philippe de Vitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Arthurian Romance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Walther von der Vogelweide . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Translatio Studii: Sources for Romance. . . . . . 173
The Non-Narrative Lyric Impulse. . . . . . . . . . 177 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Medieval Allegory and Philosophical Texts . . . . 183
Dante Alighieri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 CHAPTER 6: PHILOSOPHY
The Medieval Dream Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 IMPORTANT EVENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
William Langland and Piers Plowman. . . . . . . 192
OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
The Medieval Story Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . 195
TOPICS IN PHILOSOPHY
The Canterbury Tales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
The Foundations: Augustine and Boethius . . . . 261
Christine de Pizan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Rationalism in The Age of Charlemagne . . . . . 264
SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE
Anselm of Canterbury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Giovanni Boccaccio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
The Problem Of Universals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Geoffrey Chaucer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
The Schools of the Twelfth Century. . . . . . . . 268
Chrétien de Troyes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Philosophy Among the Muslims and the
Dante Alighieri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Jews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Marie de France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
The Universities, Textbooks, and the
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Flowering of Scholasticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
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Contents
The Rediscovery Of Aristotle. . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Famine, the Black Death, and the Afterlife . . . . 366
Oxford Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Mysticism and Modern Devotion. . . . . . . . . . 368
Latin Averroism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE
Thomism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Thomas Becket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
The Conservative Reaction and The
Gregory VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Condemnation of 1277 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Innocent III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
The Scotist Way. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Mechthild of Magdeburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
The Modern Way and the Triumph of
Marie d’Oignies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Nominalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
The Retreat From Reason: Mysticism . . . . . . . 286 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE CHAPTER 8: THEATER
Averroës. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 IMPORTANT EVENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Roger Bacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Moses Maimonides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Thomas Aquinas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 TOPICS IN THEATER
William of Ockham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 The Legacy of Rome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
The Renaissance of Charlemagne . . . . . . . . . . 387
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
The Development of Liturgical Drama . . . . . . 389
CHAPTER 7: RELIGION Serious Comedy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
The Popular Bible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
IMPORTANT EVENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Plays on the Cutting Edge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Professional Performers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
TOPICS IN RELIGION Community Theaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Early Latin Christianity in Northern The Afterlife of Medieval Theater. . . . . . . . . . 412
Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE
Religion in Scandinavia and Eastern Geoffrey de Gorron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Arnoul Gréban. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
The Spread of Islam and its Relationship Hildegard of Bingen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
to Medieval Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Medieval Judaism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Early Medieval Christianity in the East . . . . . . 318 CHAPTER 9: VISUAL ARTS
Medieval Liturgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
IMPORTANT EVENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Cluny and the Monastic Reforms of the
Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. . . . . . . . . . . 324 OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Relics, Pilgrimages, and the Peace of God. . . . . 326 TOPICS IN VISUAL ARTS
Growing Church Power and Secular The Carolingian Restoration of Roman
Tensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
The Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 England and the Vikings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
The Military Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Spanish Culture and the Muslims. . . . . . . . . . 430
Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century Monastic Revival of Empire in Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Movements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 The Cult of Saints and The Rise of
Women Religious. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Pilgrimage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Medieval Education and the Role of the Romanesque Art: An International
Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Phenomenon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Secular Clergy: Reform and Reaction . . . . . . . 345 Art at the Cultural Frontier in the Twelfth
Medieval Heresy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Friars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Political Life and the New State. . . . . . . . . . . 445
The Laity and Popular Beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Intellectual Influences on Art in the Later
Children and Medieval Christianity . . . . . . . . 359 Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Papacy and Politics in the Late Thirteenth Art and the Knowledge of Distant Lands. . . . . 453
and Early Fourteenth Centuries. . . . . . . . . . 360 Social Life and the Individual. . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
From Schism to Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Spiritual Life and Devotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
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Contents
Images of Death. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE
FURTHER REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Robert Campin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Jean, Duke of Berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
MEDIA AND ONLINE SOURCES . . . . 499
The Limbourg Brothers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Louis IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Simone Martini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
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A B O U T T H E B O O K
SEEING HISTORY FROM A DIFFERENT ANGLE. An Although treated in separate chapters, the connections
education in history involves more than facts concern- between these topics are highlighted both in the text and
ing the rise and fall of kings, the conquest of lands, and through the use of “See Also” references to give the reader
the major battles fought between nations. While these a broad perspective on the culture of the time period.
events are pivotal to the study of any time period, the Readers can learn about the impact of religion on liter-
cultural aspects are of equal value in understanding the ature; explore the close relationships between dance,
development of societies. Various forms of literature, music, and theater; and see parallel movements in ar-
the philosophical ideas developed, and even the type of chitecture and visual arts. The development of each of
clothes worn in a particular era provide important clues these fields is discussed within the context of important
about the values of a society, and when these arts and historical events so that the reader can see history from
humanities are studied in conjunction with political and a different angle. This angle is unique to this reference
historical events a more complete picture of that society work. Most history books about a particular time period
is revealed. This inter-disciplinary approach to studying only give a passing glance to the arts and humanities in
history is at the heart of the Arts and Humanities Through an effort to give the broadest historical treatment possi-
the Eras project. Patterned in its organization after the ble. Those reference books that do cover the arts and
successful American Decades, American Eras, and World humanities tend to cover only one of them, generally
Eras products, this reference work aims to expose the
across multiple time periods, making it difficult to draw
reader to an in-depth perspective on a particular era in
connections between disciplines and limiting the per-
history through the study of nine different arts and
spective of the discipline’s impact on a specific era. In
humanities topics:
Arts and Humanities Through the Eras each of the nine
• Architecture and Design disciplines is given substantial treatment in individual
chapters, and the focus on one era ensures that the analy-
• Dance
sis will be thorough.
• Fashion
AUDIENCEANDORGANIZATION.Arts and Human-
• Literature
ities Through the Eras is designed to meet the needs of
• Music
both the beginning and the advanced history student.
• Philosophy The material is written by subject experts and covers a
vast array of concepts and masterworks, yet these con-
• Religion
cepts are built “from the ground up” so that a reader
• Theater
with little or no background in history can follow them.
• Visual Arts Technical terms and other definitions appear both in the
ix
69742_AHTE_MEfm_iv-xxx.qxd 9/21/04 1:49 PM Page x
About the Book
text and in the glossary, and the background of historical sites are subject to change and may become obsolete in
events is also provided. The organization of the volume the future.
facilitates learning at all levels by presenting information
PRIMARY DOCUMENTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. In
in a variety of ways. Each chapter is organized accord-
an effort to provide the most in-depth perspective pos-
ing to the following structure:
sible, Arts and Humanities Through the Erasalso includes
• Chronology covering the important events in that numerous primary documents from the time period,
discipline during that era offering a first-hand account of the culture from the
people who lived in it. Letters, poems, essays, epitaphs,
• Brief overview of the development of that disci-
and songs are just some of the multitude of document
pline at the time
types included in this volume, all of which illuminate
• Topics that highlight the movements, schools of some aspect of the discipline being discussed. The text
thought, and masterworks that characterize the is further enhanced by 150 illustrations, maps, and line
discipline during that era drawings that bring a visual dimension to the learning
experience.
• Biographies of significant people in that discipline
• Documentary sources contemporary to the time CONTACT INFORMATION. The editors welcome
your comments and suggestions for enhancing and im-
period
proving Arts and Humanities Through the Eras. Please
This structure facilitates comparative analysis, both be- mail comments or suggestions to:
tween disciplines and also between volumes of Arts and
The Editor
Humanities Through the Eras, each of which covers a
different era. In addition, readers can access additional Arts and Humanities Through the Eras
research opportunities by looking at the “Further Refer- Thomson Gale
ences” and “Media and Online Sources” that appear at
27500 Drake Rd.
the back of the volume. While every effort was made to
Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535
include only those online sources that are connected to
institutions such as museums and universities, the web- Phone: [phone]
x Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450)
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C O N T R I B U TO R S
Michael A. Battermanreceived his Ph.D. in art history from published books include St. Bernard of Clairvaux: A
Northwestern University in 2000. He has spent the last Monastic View of Medieval Violence(McGraw-Hill,
three years on the faculty of the School of Art and 1998), Readings from the Christian Tradition, compiled
Design at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, and and edited with commentary (Campus Custom Publish-
currently resides in Paris. His research has explored the ing, 2000), and the forthcoming History of the Abbey
artistic culture of Jewish communities in later medieval of the Genesee. He has also written various articles on
Christian Spain and the visual expression of cultural medieval Cistercian monasticism and is currently in the
difference. Publications have also dealt with the modern midst of a long-term project involving the assembly and
historiography of medieval Jewish artistic production. publication of historical information on the Roman
Catholic diocese of Youngstown.
Michael T. Davisreceived the Ph.D. in the history of art
from the University of Michigan in 1979, and taught Véronique P. Dayreceived her Ph.D. in art history from
at Texas Christian University, East Carolina University, Northwestern University in 1993. She has taught at the
and Princeton University before joining the faculty of University of Iowa, Rhodes College in Memphis, St.
Mount Holyoke College in 1982. He has also taught Louis Community College, George Mason University,
at the University of Michigan and Smith College. A and Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. She is now
collaborative research fellowship from the National an independent scholar living in Paris. Her research
Endowment for the Humanities funded a study of the focuses on the social context of manuscript production
methods of church plan design in the thirteenth and in provincial France during the later Middle Ages. Her
fourteenth centuries (with Professor Linda Neagley of publications have dealt with the production and careers
Rice University). Davis has published studies of Clermont of particular illuminators from Poitiers, such as the
Cathedral and Limoges Cathedral, the papal church of Master of Yvon du Fou, Jehan Gillemer, and the Master
Saint-Urbain in Troyes, the Cathedral of Notre-Dame of Walters 222.
and the royal palace in Paris. His current research is
focused on the architecture of late medieval Paris, and Kristen Mossler Figg, Editor,received the Ph.D. in English
he is preparing a book centering on an early fifteenth- at Kent State University in 1989 after completing a
century description of the city. Bachelor of Arts in humanities and Master of Arts degrees
in both French and English. She is professor of English
Tim J. Davishas spent the past ten years teaching religion, at Kent State University, Salem Campus, where she di-
philosophy, and the humanities in the Columbus, Ohio, rects the Honors program and teaches literature, history
area. He holds a full-time position at Columbus State as of the English language, and composition. Her books
well as part-time appointments at The Ohio State Uni- include Jean Froissart: An Anthology of Narrative and
versity and Otterbein College. Tim has earned a Ph.D. Lyric Poetry(New York: Routledge, 2001); Trade, Travel,
in the study of religion, a Master of Arts in medieval and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia
church history, as well as the Master of Divinity. His (with John B. Friedman, Routledge, 2000); and The
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